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Sandra K Szlapinski London, Ontario, Canada

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David J Hill Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada

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and glucagon presence ( Mezza et al. 2014 ). Key to this process is a reduced expression of the gene Foxo1 by beta cells under hyperglycemic conditions ( Kitamura et al. 2005 ). The normalization of glycemia by insulin, GLP-1R agonists, or SGLT2

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-23-0317
Volume/Issue:
Volume 260: Issue 3
Restricted access
Margaret K Hahn Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Adria Giacca Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Sandra Pereira Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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(GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), respectively ( Campbell & Drucker 2013 , Reimann & Gribble 2016 ). Incretin hormones act on pancreatic β cells to potentiate insulin secretion ( Campbell & Drucker 2013 ). This ‘incretin effect’ is not

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-23-0308
Volume/Issue:
Volume 260: Issue 3
Open access