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Ismael González-García Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Pablo B Martínez de Morentin Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Ánxela Estévez-Salguero Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Cristina Contreras Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Amparo Romero-Picó Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Johan Fernø Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Rubén Nogueiras Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Carlos Diéguez Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Manuel Tena-Sempere Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
FiDiPro Program, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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Sulay Tovar Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Miguel López Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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, Simonian & Herbison 1997 , Voisin et al. 1997 , Osterlund et al. 1998 , Merchenthaler et al. 2004 ). Recent evidence has shown that E2 has a nucleus-specific action in the hypothalamus to modulate energy homeostasis, particularly within the ARC and

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Fazal Wahab Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany

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Ikram Ullah Khan Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

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Ignacio Rodriguez Polo Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

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Hira Zubair Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

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Charis Drummer Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

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Muhammad Shahab Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

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Rüdiger Behr Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

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Introduction The gonadal function is controlled by a complex interaction of regulatory signals, involving hypothalamus, pituitary and the gonads themselves. Altogether, they form the reproductive axis (a.k.a. the hypothalamic

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Taylor Landry East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Daniel Shookster East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Alec Chaves East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Katrina Free East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Tony Nguyen East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Hu Huang East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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hypothalamus have demonstrated that females have increased satiety-inducing pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC ARC ) neurons ( Nohara et al. 2011 ), reduced hunger-inducing neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression ( Urban et al. 1993 ), decreased sensitivity to central

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Christophe Breton Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance, UPRES EA 4489, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université Lille‐Nord de France, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France

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later in life. Thus, the perinatal perturbation of foetus/neonate nutrient supply has been proposed to be a key determinant, especially the degree of mismatch between the pre- and post-natal environments ( Gluckman et al . 2008 ). The hypothalamus

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William L Dees Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

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Jill K Hiney Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

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Vinod K Srivastava Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

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Introduction The time at which puberty begins is the culmination of a series of events within the hypothalamus that results in the increased pulsatile release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) secretion. This change in LHRH

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Christopher J Scott School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia

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Jessica L Rose School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia

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Allan J Gunn Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia

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Briony M McGrath School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia

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gonadotrophin, luteinising hormone (LH), then acts as an amplifier to the GnRH signal ( Clarke & Cummins 1982 ). In sheep, at least, the neurons that produce GnRH receive relatively little synaptic input compared to other neurons within the hypothalamus ( Lehman

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Pryscila D S Teixeira Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Angela M Ramos-Lobo Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Mariana Rosolen Tavares Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Frederick Wasinski Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Renata Frazao Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Jose Donato Jr Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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studies have shown that leptin action is required for the formation of the axonal projections that extend from ARH neurons to important second-order neurons, such as the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) ( Bouret et al. 2004 a, b

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Xiaoqin Shi Laboratory of Lipid & Glucose Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Xinyu Li Laboratory of Lipid & Glucose Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Yi Hou Laboratory of Lipid & Glucose Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Xuemei Cao Laboratory of Lipid & Glucose Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Yuyao Zhang Laboratory of Lipid & Glucose Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Heng Wang Laboratory of Lipid & Glucose Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Hongyin Wang Laboratory of Lipid & Glucose Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Chuan Peng Laboratory of Lipid & Glucose Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Jibin Li Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Qifu Li Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Chaodong Wu Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

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Xiaoqiu Xiao Laboratory of Lipid & Glucose Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
Canada-China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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those from citrate buffer (CB)-treated euglycemic fathers (CB-O). Our aim was to determine the impact of a paternal hyperglycemia on metabolic homeostasis of adult offspring, with particular focus on analysis of changes in hypothalamus-mediated food

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Ernane Torres Uchoa Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil

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Paula Beatriz Marangon Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Rodrigo Rorato Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil

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Silvia Graciela Ruginsk Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Physiological Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil

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Lucas Kniess Debarba Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Jose Antunes-Rodrigues Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Lucila L K Elias Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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regulation of food intake, as evidenced by increases in the expression of the anorexigenic neuropeptide corticotrophin-releasing factor ( Crf ) in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) ( Uchoa et al. 2010 ) and reduction in the expression of

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Maitrayee Sahu Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Prashanth Anamthathmakula Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Abhiram Sahu Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Introduction Hypothalamus is the critical site of integration for the central and peripheral signals in regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis. Leptin and insulin are the two most important peripheral signals that play obligatory role in

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