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Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
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Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
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Introduction: pathogenesis of insulin resistance Insulin resistance is defined as the inadequate response of tissues, such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, central nervous system, and liver, to insulin. Insulin resistance and impaired
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extraction from food ( Bäckhed et al. 2007 ). The gut microbiota can also influence blood glucose. Lower bacterial diversity correlates with insulin resistance and higher adiposity (reviewed in Zhu & Goodarzi 2020 ). Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated
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Introduction Insulin resistance is a characteristic feature of many metabolic disorders, including the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS
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Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Introduction Offspring born from pregnancy complicated by diabetes have a lifelong increased risk of insulin resistance. In humans, such offspring have a 4- to 8-fold higher risk, beyond genetic risk, to develop type 2 diabetes, metabolic
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Introduction Patients with insulin resistance have been reported to have decreased skeletal muscle mitochondrial content ( Kelley et al. 2002 , Ritov et al. 2005 , Chomentowski et al. 2011 ) and reductions in skeletal muscle
Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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resistance-associated metabolic perturbations. Accumulating evidence highlights a critical role for adenosine signaling in the development of insulin resistance ( Antonioli et al. 2015 , Pardo et al. 2017 ). Adenosine signaling is also closely
Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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metabolic disturbances is insulin resistance, which is a condition in which the body's cells become resistant to the effects of insulin, leading to impaired glucose and lipid homeostasis. Adipose tissue dysfunction plays a crucial role in the development of
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Department of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Research Institute, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
Department of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Research Institute, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
Department of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Research Institute, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
Department of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Research Institute, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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Department of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Research Institute, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
Department of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Research Institute, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
Department of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Research Institute, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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Introduction Obesity is associated with elevated circulating free fatty acids (FFAs) and FFAs cause insulin resistance ( Lewis et al . 2002 , Xiao et al . 2008 ). FFAs induce oxidative stress ( Nakamura et al . 2009 , Yuzefovych et al . 2010
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Department of Physiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Department of Physiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Department of Physiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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(obesity) and reduced insulin action (insulin resistance) in muscle, this article will deal with FAs as an alternative energy substrate to glucose, the relevance of this substrate competition to overall energy expenditure and an assessment of the various
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Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019, USA
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Introduction Acute insulin resistance is common following trauma, hemorrhage, sepsis, burn, and critical illness ( Ikezu et al . 1997 , Carter 1998 , Van den Berghe et al . 2001 , Cree & Wolfe 2008 ). Chronic insulin resistant states, such as