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Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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by both insulin resistance and reduced insulin secretion ( Paschou et al. 2018 ). Even though these two general groups are often used to classify diabetes, it is well established that the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes is highly heterogeneous
CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
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CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), Casa Costa Alemão, Coimbra, Portugal
APDP-Portuguese Diabetes Association, Lisbon, Portugal
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development and progression of inflammatory processes and insulin resistance (IR). It has been described that B cells contribute to IR development through the modulation of T cells, secreting inflammatory cytokines and producing pathogenic antibodies. Mature B
Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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techniques for quantification of gluconeogenesis in vivo exist ( Chevalier et al. 2006 , Yook et al. 2023 ). Homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index Homeostasis model assessment insulin
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Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), Zürich, Switzerland
School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
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resistance, which is linked to prediabetes and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus ( Lee & Olefsky 2021 ). One major etiologic component of the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction is caused by chronic, subacute, low