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extraction from food ( Bäckhed et al. 2007 ). The gut microbiota can also influence blood glucose. Lower bacterial diversity correlates with insulin resistance and higher adiposity (reviewed in Zhu & Goodarzi 2020 ). Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Centre of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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linking sleep duration to obesity and T2DM. There are multiple plausible mechanisms that lead to changes to energy balance, beta cell function and insulin resistance ( Fig. 1 ). Figure 1 The mechanisms between short sleep duration and type 2
The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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hormone (LH), and sometimes, decreased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, insulin resistance (hyperinsulinemia), obesity, and hirsutism. Although the cause of PCOS is poorly defined, neuroendocrinological dysfunctions in the HPO axis, especially
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Introduction Obesity is linked with many cardiometabolic risk factors, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although lowering body weight is effective for alleviating several of these
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asprosin mainly focused on glucose homeostasis ( Li et al. 2019 ), it has been reported that asprosin is related to a range of metabolic diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( Ke et al. 2020 ), insulin resistance ( Yuan et al. 2020
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M Schweitzer GG Chondronikola M Beals JW Okunade AL Patterson BW Nyangau E Field T et al . 2020 Insulin resistance drives hepatic de novo lipogenesis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease . Journal of Clinical Investigation 130
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interacting protein 2; TRAF6, TNF receptor-associated factor 6. Adipose tissue Obesity has been linked to chronic low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue contributing to insulin resistance and ultimately the development of T2D ( Wu & Ballantyne
Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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.1038/s41467-019-10125-z ) Galgani JE Moro C Ravussin E 2008 Metabolic flexibility and insulin resistance . American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 295 E1009 – E1017 . ( https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.90558