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Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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.33, 95% CI 1.01–1.74) and metabolic syndrome (OR 1.53, 1.22–1.91) in subjects with PA compared to those with essential hypertension ( Monticone et al. 2018 ). Consistent with this, treatment of PA has been shown to increase insulin secretion and
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia
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manifestations arise in childhood and health impacts evolve across adolescent years and adult life ( Teede et al. 2010 ). PCOS has significant metabolic (obesity, metabolic syndrome, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular risk factors
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extracellular water and body cell mass ( Hoffman et al. 1995 ). The complexion is pale with thin skin, scarcity of body hairs, and obscure venous vasculature. Investigations may reveal mild normochromic normocytic anaemia, metabolic syndrome, and a fatty liver
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, aberrant glucose metabolism and dyslipidaemia as features of the metabolic syndrome ( Umapathysivam et al. 2022 ). The proportionate fall in serum testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations under these circumstances is inherently
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that amongst those with T2DM who had metabolic syndrome compared with those with T2DM but no metabolic syndrome, larger median nerves, increased nerve excitability measures, greater neuropathy clinical scores and lesser related regional corneal nerve
South Australian Adult Genetics Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Academy for Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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‘Familial pituitary tumours’ is an umbrella term for various clinical syndromes characterised by a heritable predisposition to PA formation, with or without an identifiable germline genetic defect. The predisposition to tumorigenesis may be limited to the
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Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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( Robertson et al. 1999 ). Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) patients also appear to have elevated total inhibin A/B serum levels ( Tsigkou et al. 2008 ) and also increased serum follistatin and reduced activin A ( Norman et al. 2001 ). To this day
