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Marilyn B Renfree School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Geoff Shaw School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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testing of this assumption was challenging because the inaccessibility and small size of the eutherian fetus at the time of sexual differentiation made a direct assessment of circulating androgens a challenge. Jean Wilson and his colleagues investigated

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Eugenie Macfarlane Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia

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Hong Zhou Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia

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Markus J Seibel Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia

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. Mesenchymal stem cell GR knockout (Dermo1-Cre) Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent progenitor cells typically located in the bone marrow that can differentiate into a variety of cell types including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, adipocytes, and

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Gary A Wittert Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, and University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Mathis Grossmann Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne and Department of Endocrinology Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia

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Bu B Yeap Medical School, University of Western Australia, and Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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David J Handelsman ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney and Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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both healthy and hypogonadal men irrespective of age ( Bhasin et al. 2001 ). In skeletal muscle, testosterone, via the AR, induces hypertrophy of both type I and type II muscle fibres, increases muscle satellite cells, myogenic differentiation of

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Adam Hagg School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

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Eliza O’Shea School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

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Craig A Harrison Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia

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Kelly L Walton School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia

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differentiation during adolescence ( Nicholls et al. 2012 ) and also regulate Sertoli cell hormone responsiveness ( de Winter et al. 1993 ). Evidence in the mouse suggests that activin A plays a dominant role in testis function relative to activin B and

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Kirsty G Pringle School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
Mothers and Babies Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia

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Lisa K Philp Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health & School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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biological sex, referred to herein as sex, in the rodent respiratory tract have shown a degree of sexual dimorphism across studies (summarised in Table 1 ). In C57BL6/J mice, females exhibited significantly greater Ace2 mRNA expression in the lung and

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