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Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Mixed Unity of Research (UMR) 8200 – Genomes and Cancer, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS - Bloco G - Subsolo - Sala G0-031, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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propose that ROS could be involved in the sexual dimorphism found in thyroid dysfunctions. Future studies are necessary to evaluate the involvement of NOX4-generated ROS in the estrogen-signaling pathway in thyrocytes. Elucidating this issue is crucial to
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the pathophysiology of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture risk in men. Skeletal gender differences in radial bone growth (skeletal sexual dimorphism) are traditionally attributed to stimulatory ‘male’ androgen action as opposed to inhibitory
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AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand
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that are 70% smaller than WT controls as adults and sexual dimorphism of body size is lost ( Baker et al. 1993 , Liu & LeRoith 1999 , Lupu et al. 2001 ). Growth hormone (GH) regulates the synthesis and secretion of IGF1. The premise is that GH
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testosterone surge therefore establishes the sexual dimorphism of hypothalamic and pituitary mediators of GH pulsatility that emerge as testicular testosterone production resumes at puberty. This results in sex-specific patterns of GH pulsatility that affect
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ABSTRACT
The rat brain is sexually dimorphic with respect to structure and function, and there is evidence that these differences are effected in the fetus through changes in protein synthesis, some of which may result from the intervention of gonadal steroids. To investigate this, messenger RNA (mRNA) from the limbic system and cerebellum of neonatal rats was prepared, translated in a rabbit reticulocyte system in vitro and the products were analysed by two-dimensional electrophoresis and fluorography. Some of the results were further analysed using image analysis. There was a striking sexual dimorphism in the patterns of incorporation of [35S]methionine into proteins using mRNA from the limbic system, in that groups of proteins were apparently present in male-but not in female-derived fluorograms and vice versa. One protein, tentatively identified from its coordinates as α-tubulin, was more abundant in male-derived fluorograms. Although there were no clear-cut qualitative sex differences using mRNA derived from the cerebellum, that derived from the male cerebellum appeared to be consistently more active. These results provide direct evidence for a sexual dimorphism at the transcriptional level in the neonatal limbic system of the rat.
J. Endocr. (1986) 109, 23–28
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Abstract
The anococcygeus muscle (AcM) is one of a pair of thin sheets of smooth muscle inserting on the rectum, having a tendinous origin largely on sacral vertebrae. The cross-sectional area of AcM in the juxtarectal region in 90-day-old male mice was significantly larger than that in females of three strains: BALB/cCrgl, ICR/Jcl and C57BL/Tw. The AcM area in female mice showed strain differences: BALB/c>ICR>C57BL. Five daily injections of testosterone into newborn ICR mice from the day of birth significantly increased the areas of AcM in both sexes at 30 days of age, but five daily injections of oestradiol-17β (OE) decreased them. The AcM area in 60-day-old ICR male mice castrated at 30 days of age was significantly smaller than in intact males, and that in ovariectomized females was significantly larger than in intact females. In both sexes, implantation of a testosterone pellet (12 mg) into gonadectomized mice on the day of gonadectomy stimulated the growth of AcM, and implantation of an OE pellet (12 mg) inhibited the growth of AcM. The AcM in both ICR and C57BL strains showed positive androgen receptor and oestrogen receptor immunostaining at 15 days. Female ICR mice exposed neonatally to diethylstilboestrol (DES) had significantly larger AcM than controls; ovariectomy at 30 days of age did not change the AcM area in 60-day-old DES-exposed mice. However, male mice exposed neonatally to DES had significantly smaller AcM than controls; castration at 30 days of age nullified this inhibition. These results suggest that both androgen and oestrogen play an important role in sexual dimorphism of the mouse AcM. Neonatal exposure to DES (but not to oestradiol) had an irreversible stimulatory effect on the AcM area in female mice.
Journal of Endocrinology (1997) 152, 229–237
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Sexual dimorphism in adrenal activity appeared during the pubertal period of the guinea-pig with plasma levels and binding of cortisol lower in male guinea-pigs compared with female, and metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of cortisol higher in male than in female animals. Gonadectomy of female guinea-pigs did not change the values of the parameters regulating adrenal activity. Castration of male guinea-pigs caused a rise in plasma cortisol levels by increasing the binding capacity of transcortin for cortisol and by decreasing cortisol MCR. Treatment of females with testosterone from day 24 produced a drop on day 50 in plasma cortisol levels following a decreased binding capacity of transcortin for cortisol and at the same time as cortisol MCR increased. Furthermore, the adrenal response to stress was higher in castrated than in control males and lower in testosterone-treated females compared with control females. Testosterone appeared to be the hormone responsible for sexual dimorphism in adrenal activity in the pubertal guinea-pig.
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ABSTRACT
Submaxillary glands of mature Göttingen miniature pigs were examined for the presence of a sexual dimorphism. Gland weights, serous cell hypertrophy and total protein in the glands were much greater in male than female pigs. High concentrations of the pheromonal 16-androstene steroids were present in the glands of males and exceeded 2 mmol/g in some animals; this was primarily due to 5α-androst-16-en-3α-ol. The high concentration of 16-androstene steroids in boar glands was correlated with the presence of large amounts of binding protein for these steroids in the glands; smaller amounts of the binding protein were detected in female glands. These findings are similar to those found in domestic pigs, but the degree of sexual dimorphism assessed from these findings is more extreme in the miniature pig.
J. Endocr. (1984) 100, 195-202
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there is a marked sexual extra-genital dimorphism in the kidney, liver, and skeletal muscle in several mouse strains, affecting many different proteins ( Bardin & Catterall 1981 ). In particular, renal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity is remarkably
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act as a potent stimulus of D1 activity. In the female groups, liver and renal D1 activities were higher in pre-pubertal than in adult rats, without significant differences in thyroid and pituitary activities. In fact, after sexual maturation, liver
