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Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Márta Korbonits Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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of pituitary tumours and very rarely concomitant hyperplasia. Patients usually present in the second or third decade ( Hernández-Ramírez et al . 2015 ) and are less responsive to somatostatin analogues (SSA) ( Daly et al . 2010 ). Germline mutations

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Astrid C Hauge-Evans Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, 2.27 Henrietta Raphael Building, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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James Bowe Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, 2.27 Henrietta Raphael Building, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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Zara J Franklin Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, 2.27 Henrietta Raphael Building, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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Zoheb Hassan Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, 2.27 Henrietta Raphael Building, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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Peter M Jones Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, 2.27 Henrietta Raphael Building, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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Introduction Somatostatin (SST) is synthesised and secreted by neuroendocrine cells in the CNS and in the gastrointestinal and immune systems ( Reichlin 1983 a , b ). In the pancreatic islet, the peptide is produced by δ-cells, which comprise

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Raúl M Luque Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain

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Rhonda D Kineman Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Introduction Neuronostatin (NST), a recently described peptide hormone encoded in the preprosomatostatin gene but without amino-acid homology to somatostatin (SST) ( Samson et al. 2008 ), has been shown to exert important physiological

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Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Córdoba, Spain

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Esther Rivero-Cortés Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Córdoba, Spain

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Mari C Vázquez-Borrego Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Córdoba, Spain

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Manuel D Gahete Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Córdoba, Spain

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Luis Jiménez-Reina Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain

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Eva Venegas-Moreno Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Seville, Spain

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Andrés de la Riva Service of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain

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Miguel Ángel Arráez Neurosurgical Department, Carlos Haya Hospital, Málaga, Spain

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Inmaculada González-Molero Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Carlos Haya Hospital, Málaga, Spain

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Herbert A Schmid Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland

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Silvia Maraver-Selfa Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain

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Inmaculada Gavilán-Villarejo Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain

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Juan Antonio García-Arnés Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Carlos Haya Hospital, Málaga, Spain

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Miguel A Japón Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain

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Alfonso Soto-Moreno Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Seville, Spain

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María A Gálvez Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain

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Raúl M Luque Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Córdoba, Spain

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Justo P Castaño Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Córdoba, Spain

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( Melmed 2011 ). Surgery is the first-line treatment for most pituitary tumors, except for prolactin (PRL)-secreting lactotrope tumors (prolactinomas), which often respond favorably to medical treatment with dopamine agonists. Synthetic somatostatin (SST

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J Bryce Ortiz Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

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Sebastian Tellez Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, Tempe, Arizona, USA

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Giri Rampal Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom

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Grant S Mannino Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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Nicole Couillard Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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Matias Mendez Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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Tabitha R F Green Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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Sean M Murphy Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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Rachel K Rowe Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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development, remains unclear. GH release is regulated by the hypothalamic peptides somatostatin and growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH). Somatostatin is released from somatostatin-expressing neurons in the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

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Glyn M Noguchi Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA

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Vincent C Castillo Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA

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Cynthia J Donaldson Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA

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Marcus R Flisher Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA

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Ariana T Momen Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA

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Alan Saghatelian Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA

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Mark O Huising Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA

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delta cells participate in paracrine alpha cell inhibition at high glucose ( Elliott et al. 2015 , Briant et al. 2018 , Kellard et al. 2020 ). The somatostatin-secreting delta cells exert tonic inhibition on alpha cells across the full range of

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Nirun Hewawasam School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK

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Debalina Sarkar School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK

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Olivia Bolton School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK

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Blerinda Delishaj School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK

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Maha Almutairi School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK

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Aileen J F King Department of Diabetes, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK

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Ayse S Dereli Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle d’Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium

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Chloe Despontin Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle d’Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium

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Patrick Gilon Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle d’Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium

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Sue Reeves School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK

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Michael Patterson School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK

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Astrid C Hauge-Evans School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK

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uptake by muscle and adipose tissue. Islets also contain other cell types, such as glucagon-secreting alpha cells and somatostatin-producing delta cells, which interact and modulate overall pancreatic hormone release. In transcriptomic profiling studies

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William H T Smith Integrated Molecular Cardiology Group, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
GKT School of Medicine, London WC2R 2LS, UK

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R Unnikrishnan Nair Integrated Molecular Cardiology Group, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
GKT School of Medicine, London WC2R 2LS, UK

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Dawn Adamson Integrated Molecular Cardiology Group, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
GKT School of Medicine, London WC2R 2LS, UK

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Mark T Kearney Integrated Molecular Cardiology Group, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
GKT School of Medicine, London WC2R 2LS, UK

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Stephen G Ball Integrated Molecular Cardiology Group, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
GKT School of Medicine, London WC2R 2LS, UK

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Anthony J Balmforth Integrated Molecular Cardiology Group, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
GKT School of Medicine, London WC2R 2LS, UK

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in acromegaly ( Clayton 2003 ). The coexistence of hypertension increases the incidence of cardiac abnormalities ( Colao et al. 2000 a ) and the risk of premature death ( Holdaway et al. 2004 ). Treatment with the somatostatin receptor

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Julia N C Toews Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

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Geoffrey L Hammond Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

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Victor Viau Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

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. During this time, testicular testosterone organizes hypothalamic somatostatin (SST) and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) neurons that influence the liver later in development, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis develops as a result

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Herbert A Schmid Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland

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Josef Brueggen Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland

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Introduction Somatostatin, an inhibitory hormone widely distributed throughout the central nervous system and peripheral tissues, plays an important regulatory role in neurotransmission and secretion, preventing the release of GH, TSH

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