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Ladan Eshkevari
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Eva Permaul School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University Medical Center, USA Departments of Histopathology, Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 421 St Mary's Hall, 3700 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20007

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Susan E Mulroney School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University Medical Center, USA Departments of Histopathology, Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 421 St Mary's Hall, 3700 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20007

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Introduction The classic response to chronic stress consists of an elegant, concerted interplay of two important pathways, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA). The chronic activation of these stress

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Cintia B Ueta Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil
Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Gustavo W Fernandes Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Luciane P Capelo Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Tatiane L Fonseca Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Flávia D'Angelo Maculan Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Cecilia H A Gouveia Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Patrícia C Brum Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Marcelo A Christoffolete Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Marcelo S Aoki Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Carmen L Lancellotti Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Brian Kim Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Antonio C Bianco Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Miriam O Ribeiro Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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system (SNS) with the release of norepinephrine (NE) and stimulation of α and β adrenergic receptors ( Bachman et al . 2002 ). The latter are G-protein-coupled receptors that include the β 1 , β 2 , and β 3 isoforms, all of which are expressed in BAT

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C Aceves
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R Rojas-Huidobro
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Previous works led us to propose that peripheral iodothyronine deiodination is mainly regulated by the reciprocal interaction between the thyroid and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). In this study, we analyzed the role suckling exerts, through SNS activation, upon deiodination of thyronines in liver, heart, brown adipose tissue and mammary gland during lactation. Our results showed that resuckling causes a concurrent stimulatory response on deiodinase type 1 (D1) in heart and mammary gland, but not in liver and brown adipose tissue. The stimulatory response was mimicked by norepinephrine and by the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol, through the overexpression of the large form of D1 mRNA. These results suggested that, during lactation, peripheral thyronine deiodination is co-ordinated by the SNS, and suckling is a major modulatory influence.

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David O'Regan Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Christopher J Kenyon Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Jonathan R Seckl Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Megan C Holmes Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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, vasculature and brain ( Torres et al . 1997 , Ortiz et al . 2003 , Kreider et al . 2005 , Roghair et al . 2005 ). Alterations in the activity or responsivity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), either systemically or in one of these specific

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Volker Hartenstein Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA

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. Outside the PI and PL, the tritocerebrum and the ventral nerve cord, as well as the ganglia of the stomatogastric nervous system (SNS) contain neurosecretory cells. NSC axons of the tritocerebrum and subesophageal ganglion projecting toward the corpora

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L Francisco Lorenzo-Martín Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

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Mauricio Menacho-Márquez Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

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Salvatore Fabbiano Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

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Omar Al-Massadi Departamento de Fisioloxía, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermidades Crónicas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer sobre la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Antonio Abad Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

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Sonia Rodríguez-Fdez Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

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María A Sevilla Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

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María J Montero Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

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Carlos Diéguez Departamento de Fisioloxía, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermidades Crónicas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer sobre la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Rubén Nogueiras Departamento de Fisioloxía, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermidades Crónicas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer sobre la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Xosé R Bustelo Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

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Introduction Physiological and metabolic balance in the organism requires extensive crosstalk between the central nervous system and peripheral organs. Efferent signals to the periphery are mediated by the sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic

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Nathalie Marissal-Arvy
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Alexandra Gaumont
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Allan Langlois
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Fabrice Dabertrand
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Marion Bouchecareilh Laboratoire PsyNuGen, Laboratoire des Régulations Neuroendocriniennes, INRA UMR1286, CNRS UMR5226, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, F-33076 Bordeaux, France

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Claudine Tridon
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Pierre Mormede
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controlled by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS, lipolytic; Bartness & Bamshad 1998 , Fliers et al . 2003 ) and the HPA axis ( Bjorntorp 1991 ). Low doses of corticosterone or aldosterone via MR have been described to exert lipogenic effects in rats

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Christopher J Charles Christchurch Cardioendocrine Research Group, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand

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David L Jardine Christchurch Cardioendocrine Research Group, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand

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Miriam T Rademaker Christchurch Cardioendocrine Research Group, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand

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A Mark Richards Christchurch Cardioendocrine Research Group, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand

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) for UCN2 and UCN3 ( Rademaker et al . 2002 , 2005 , 2006 ). The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a pivotal element of normal cardiac and circulatory regulation. We have recently reported that UCN1 potently inhibits cardiac sympathetic nerve

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Ivana Vaněčková Institute of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic

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Lenka Maletínská Institute of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic

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Michal Behuliak Institute of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic

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Veronika Nagelová Institute of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic

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Josef Zicha Institute of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic

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Jaroslav Kuneš Institute of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic

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visceral obesity elicits greater activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) than subcutaneous obesity does ( Grassi et al . 2004 ); however, the mechanism by which visceral obesity is more active in SNS activation is not clear. The obesity

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Yolanda Diz-Chaves Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Manuel Gil-Lozano Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Laura Toba Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Juan Fandiño Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Hugo Ogando Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Lucas C González-Matías Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Federico Mallo Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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nervous system (SNS) activation, favours the accumulation of visceral fat and contributes to the clinical presentation of visceral obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and related cardiometabolic complications. In addition, both circulating and local

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