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Johanna L Barclay School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Hadiya Agada School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Christina Jang School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Micheal Ward School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Neil Wetzig School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Ken K Y Ho School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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activated BAT. These observations provide persuasive evidence for a significant metabolic role of BAT in humans. Glucocorticoids (GCs) play a critical role in the regulation of energy balance. Chronic GC excess, as exemplified in Cushing's syndrome, results

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Francesca Spiga Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Jamie J Walker Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Rita Gupta Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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John R Terry Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Stafford L Lightman Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Introduction Glucocorticoids, the end-product of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, are essential hormones that regulate the organism's homeostasis and its response to stress. Glucocorticoids (corticosterone in the rat, cortisol in

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Miski Scerif Centre for Endocrinology, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Division of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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Tamás Füzesi Centre for Endocrinology, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Division of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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Julia D Thomas Centre for Endocrinology, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Division of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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Blerina Kola Centre for Endocrinology, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Division of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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Ashley B Grossman Centre for Endocrinology, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Division of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Division of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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Csaba Fekete Centre for Endocrinology, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Division of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Division of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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Márta Korbonits Centre for Endocrinology, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Division of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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Introduction Cushing's syndrome results from chronic exposure to high doses of glucocorticoids. Endogenous Cushing's syndrome is rare and may be caused by an adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing's disease) or a cortisol

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Ying Sze Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK

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Joana Fernandes The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK

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Zofia M Kołodziejczyk Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Paula J Brunton Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK
Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, International Campus, Haining, Zhejiang, P.R. China

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( Pariante & Lightman 2008 ). The HPA axis is the primary neuroendocrine stress response system. It is activated following perturbations to normal homeostasis, resulting in increased secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland, which mobilises energy

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Michaela D Wharfe School of Anatomy, Metabolomics Australia, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, M309, Perth 6009, Australia

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Peter J Mark School of Anatomy, Metabolomics Australia, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, M309, Perth 6009, Australia

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Caitlin S Wyrwoll School of Anatomy, Metabolomics Australia, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, M309, Perth 6009, Australia

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Jeremy T Smith School of Anatomy, Metabolomics Australia, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, M309, Perth 6009, Australia

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Cassandra Yap School of Anatomy, Metabolomics Australia, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, M309, Perth 6009, Australia

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Michael W Clarke School of Anatomy, Metabolomics Australia, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, M309, Perth 6009, Australia

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Brendan J Waddell School of Anatomy, Metabolomics Australia, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, M309, Perth 6009, Australia

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–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis after mid-gestation leads to increased glucocorticoid levels ( Patrick et al . 1980 , Atkinson & Waddell 1995 ). This HPA axis adaptation is crucial because it promotes the release of energy stores to meet high fetal demand ( Atkinson

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Federico Gatto Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy

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Richard A Feelders Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Pituitary Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Rob van der Pas Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Peter van Koetsveld Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Eleonora Bruzzone Department of Internal Medicine and & Medical Specialties (DIMI) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

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Marica Arvigo Department of Internal Medicine and & Medical Specialties (DIMI) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

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Fadime Dogan Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Steven Lamberts Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Diego Ferone Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
Department of Internal Medicine and & Medical Specialties (DIMI) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

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Leo Hofland Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Pituitary Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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control ( Biller et al . 2008 , Pivonello et al . 2015 ). Current available medical therapies for CD can be classified into three different groups, according to the targets: adrenal-blocking drugs, glucocorticoid receptor-blocking agents and pituitary

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Huali Yu Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Ye Guo Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Yang Zhao Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Feng Zhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Kehan Zhao Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Mayuqing Li Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Junxiong Wen Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Zixuan He Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Xiaojuan Zhu Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Xiaoxiao He Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Introduction Glucocorticoids (GCs) have profound influences on many physiological functions, including growth, metabolism, development, behaviors and stress reactions ( Blodgett et al. 1956 , Munck et al. 1984 , Haskett 1985 ). They also

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Karolína Liška Laboratory of Biological Rhythms, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

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Martin Sládek Laboratory of Biological Rhythms, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

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Vendula Čečmanová Laboratory of Biological Rhythms, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

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Alena Sumová Laboratory of Biological Rhythms, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

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hormones and other signaling molecules carried by blood and CSF. The aim of our study was to test the hypothesis that glucocorticoids (GCs) play a role in the entrainment of the CP clock because their production in adrenal glands is controlled by the SCN in

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K S Wilson The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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C S Tucker The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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E A S Al-Dujaili The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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M C Holmes The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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P W F Hadoke The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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C J Kenyon The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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M A Denvir The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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publications have highlighted the developmental aspects of altered embryonic glucocorticoid exposure in zebrafish ( Hillegass et al . 2008 , Pikulkaew et al . 2011 , De Marco et al . 2013 , Nesan & Vijayan 2013 , 2016 , Faught et al . 2016 ), few

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Eugenie Macfarlane Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia

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Hong Zhou Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia

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Markus J Seibel Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia

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Introduction Glucocorticoids are essential endocrine regulators of numerous physiological processes including somatic development, systemic fuel and tissue metabolism, electrolyte homeostasis and immunity. In addition, glucocorticoids also

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