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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Centre of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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infraction, cerebral infraction, diabetes), (13) total calorie intake, (14) depression and other mental disorders, (15) sleep-related disorders (insomnia, snoring), (16) use of hypnotic drugs, (17) postmenopausal hormone medications, (18) family history of
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-terminal extension that results from the processing of the preproglucagon precursor ( Fig. 1 ; Campos et al . 1994 , Larsen et al . 1997 ). The processing of proglucagon is tissue specific, producing from a single protein different hormones depending on the
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, characterised by Creutzfeldt in 1979, are peptide hormones secreted in the gastrointestinal tract in response to nutrients that potentiate the glucose-dependent secretion of insulin. The primary incretins include glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), secreted mainly
Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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be rapidly hydrolyzed by lipases when needed and transported to other tissues. Adipose tissue also functions as an endocrine organ, secreting a large number of peptide hormones, cytokines, and regulatory lipids that affect energy metabolism in other
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in the intermediate lobe and the presence of the traditional E 2 receptors suggests a possible role for E 2 in pro-opiomelanocortin synthesis and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and ACTH-like peptide release. A previous study has shown that
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Introduction Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is a 42-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted from intestinal K-cells of the duodenum and proximal jejunum ( Buchan et al. 1978 ). GIP was discovered in 1969, through
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Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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20160014 Hammond GL 2016a Plasma steroid-binding proteins: primary gatekeepers of steroid hormone action . Journal of Endocrinology 230 R13 – R25 . ( https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-16-0070 ) 10.1530/JOE-16-0070) Hammond GL 2016b Plasma steroid
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desHis 1 Pro 4 Glu 9 -glucagon and desHis 1 Pro 4 Glu 9 -glucagon(Lys 12 PAL), including effects on cAMP accumulation, insulin secretion, inhibition of glucagon action, glucose disposal and islet hormone secretion ( O’Harte et al. 2013 , Franklin et
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, dyspareunia, and infertility. This condition affects 6–10% of females of reproductive age and often relapses after surgical therapy ( Eskenazi & Warner 1997 , Giudice & Kao 2004 , Guo 2009 ). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists are an established
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State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) at City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
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translation of these findings has been lagging, partly due to inconclusive results from large-scale studies on the benefits of post-menopausal hormone replacement in CVD prevention ( Low et al . 2002 ). This is attributed, at least in part, to the lack of a