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David R Grattan Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

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. (1993) , Sorenson & Stout (1995) and Brelje et al . (2004) Expansion of beta cells in mother to increase insulin production, to prevent gestational diabetes Prolactin stimulates insulin expression, secretion and beta cell proliferation Karnik

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Young Hoon Son Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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Seok-Jin Lee Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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Ki-Baek Lee Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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Jin-Haeng Lee Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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Eui Man Jeong Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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Sun Gun Chung Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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Sang-Chul Park Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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In-Gyu Kim Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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responsible for the pathogenesis of various diseases, including lipodystrophy, atherosclerosis, diabetes, pulmonary fibrosis, and cancer. However, the role of CAV1 in muscle is relatively unstudied. Although the mechanisms of signal-dependent regulation in the

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Farhana Naznin Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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Koji Toshinai Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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T M Zaved Waise Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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Cherl NamKoong Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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Abu Saleh Md Moin Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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Hideyuki Sakoda Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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Masamitsu Nakazato Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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of obesity pathogenesis? Diabetes 62 2629 – 2634 . ( doi:10.2337/db12-1605 ) Toshinai K Date Y Murakami N Shimada M Mondal MS Shimbara T Guan JL Wang QP Funahashi H Sakurai T 2003 Ghrelin-induced food intake is

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David O'Regan Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Christopher J Kenyon Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Jonathan R Seckl Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Megan C Holmes Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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al . 2001 , Seckl 2004 ). A plethora of epidemiological studies have shown that low birth weight, a proposed surrogate for intrauterine adversity, is associated with hypertension ( Barker 1990 ), type 2 diabetes ( McCance et al . 1994 ), the

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Kunihisa Hamano Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Department of General Medicine, Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Department of General Medicine, Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan

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Yuko Nakagawa Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Department of General Medicine, Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan

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Yoshiaki Ohtsu Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Department of General Medicine, Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan

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Longfei Li Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Department of General Medicine, Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan

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Johan Medina Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Department of General Medicine, Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan

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Yuji Tanaka Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Department of General Medicine, Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan

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Katsuyoshi Masuda Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Department of General Medicine, Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan

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Mitsuhisa Komatsu Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Department of General Medicine, Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan

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Itaru Kojima Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Department of General Medicine, Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan

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and facilitates metabolism in pancreatic β-cells . Journal of Diabetes Investigation 6 256 – 263 . ( doi:10.1111/jdi.12304 ) Kyriazis GA Soundarapandian MM Tyberg B 2012 Sweet taste receptor signaling in β cells mediates fructose

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Stuart A Lanham Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

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Dominique Blache School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia

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Richard O C Oreffo Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

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Abigail L Fowden Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Alison J Forhead Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK

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positive and negative correlations observed between plasma insulin and concentrations of IGFI and IGFII, respectively ( Gluckman et al. 1987 ). Similarly, in a clinical case of transient neonatal diabetes mellitus where the infant was born with IUGR and

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Saadia Basharat
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Jennifer A Parker Division of Diabetes, University College London, Brunel University, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, 6th Floor, Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK

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Kevin G Murphy
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Stephen R Bloom
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Julia C Buckingham Division of Diabetes, University College London, Brunel University, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, 6th Floor, Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK

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Christopher D John
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Evidence for a novel peripheral action of leptin as a metabolic signal to the adrenal gland: leptin inhibits cortisol release directly . Diabetes 46 1235 – 1238 . ( doi:10.2337/diab.46.7.1235 ) Carlson DE Chiu WC Fiedler SM Hoffman GE 2007

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Valentina Pampanini Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Daniela Germani Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy

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Antonella Puglianiello Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy

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Jan-Bernd Stukenborg Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Ahmed Reda Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Iuliia Savchuk Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Kristín Rós Kjartansdóttir Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Stefano Cianfarani Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero ‘Bambino Gesù’ Children’s Hospital – Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy

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Olle Söder Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Simmons R 2004 Hepatic insulin resistance precedes the development of diabetes in a model of intrauterine growth retardation . Diabetes 53 2617 – 2622 . ( doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.10.2617 ) Wigglesworth JS 1964 Experimental growth

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Nikolaos Nikolaou Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Anastasia Arvaniti Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK

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Nathan Appanna Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Anna Sharp Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Beverly A Hughes Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK

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Dena Digweed Diurnal Ltd, Cardiff, UK

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Martin J Whitaker Diurnal Ltd, Cardiff, UK

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Richard Ross Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

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Wiebke Arlt Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Trevor M Penning Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Karen Morris Biochemistry Department, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester, UK

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Sherly George Biochemistry Department, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester, UK

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Brian G Keevil Biochemistry Department, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester, UK

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Leanne Hodson Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Laura L Gathercole Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK

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Jeremy W Tomlinson Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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might lead to decreased CYP3A4 and further exacerbate the adverse effects of prescribed steroids through both CYP3A4 and AKR1D1 dependent mechanisms. AKR1D1 is down-regulated in patients with type 2 diabetes and we have recently shown a similar

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Md Nurul Islam Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan

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Yuichiro Mita Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan

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Keisuke Maruyama Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan

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Ryota Tanida Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
Department of Sports and Fitness, Faculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, Aichi, Japan

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Weidong Zhang Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan

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Hideyuki Sakoda Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan

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Masamitsu Nakazato Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
CREST (Japan) Agency for Medical Research and Development (A-MED) 1-7-1 Otemachi, Tokyo, Japan

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and energy homeostasis through two mechanisms: crosstalk between stomach and liver, and direct inhibition of peripheral and central GHSR by LEAP2. LEAP2 agonism represents a possible therapeutic target for obesity and diabetes, and LEAP2 antagonism for

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