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Thomas Funck-Brentano Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Karin H Nilsson Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Robert Brommage Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Petra Henning Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Ulf H Lerner Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Antti Koskela Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, MRC Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

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Juha Tuukkanen Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, MRC Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

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Martine Cohen-Solal BIOSCAR UMRS 1132, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, Paris, France

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Sofia Movérare-Skrtic Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Claes Ohlsson Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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TRIzol reagent (Life Technologies) followed by the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen). The RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA using High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (#4368814, Applied Biosystems), and real-time PCR analysis was performed using

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Rui Gao Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Samuel Acreman Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Metabolic Research Unit, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden

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Jinfang Ma Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Fernando Abdulkader Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Anna Wendt Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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Quan Zhang Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

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may become defective in diabetes. A brief history of α-cells Although glucagon has not received as much attention as insulin, its history is almost as long ( Fig. 1 , a simplified timeline). The first description of a pancreatic factor that

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Hiroyuki Enomoto Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Kinuyo Iwata Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Keisuke Matsumoto Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Mai Otsuka Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Akio Morita Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Hitoshi Ozawa Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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correction. There was a significant interaction between the two factors (group and week) in i.v. and i.p. groups. Values with different letters and asterisks show significant BW differences at each week and vs BW just before STZ injection, respectively ( P

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M J F Newson Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (LINE), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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G R Pope Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (LINE), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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E M Roberts Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (LINE), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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S J Lolait Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (LINE), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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A-M O'Carroll Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (LINE), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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and tumour necrosis factor-α ( Konsman et al . 2002 ), and has been shown to potentially activate the HPA axis by a variety of mechanisms. While these mechanisms have been outlined elsewhere (e.g. see Lolait et al . (2007) ), the consensus view is

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Shun-Neng Hsu The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan

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Louise A Stephen The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK

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Scott Dillon The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK

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Elspeth Milne The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK

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Behzad Javaheri Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK

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Andrew A Pitsillides Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK

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Amanda Novak The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK

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Jose Luis Millán Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA

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Vicky E MacRae The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK

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Katherine A Staines Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK

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Colin Farquharson The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK

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altering the expression of mineralization-associated genes and transcription factors ( Beck et al. 2000 , Foster et al. 2006 ). The regulation of biomineralization by Pi may be related to its ability to stimulate MV release and/or the accumulation of

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Xiong Weng Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK

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Hao Jiang Gene Expression and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK

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David J Walker Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK

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Houjiang Zhou MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, Dundee, Scotland, UK

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De Lin Drug Discovery Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK

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Jing Wang Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

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Li Kang Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK

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impacting adipocyte function including insulin responsiveness and its secretory capacity. Mechanistically, CD44 does so possibly through suppressing adipogenic transcription factor Pparg expression and cell cycle-related pathways. CD44 has previously

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Yoshinori Kanemaru Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

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Norio Harada Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

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Satoko Shimazu-Kuwahara Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Preemptive Medicine and Lifestyle Related Disease Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan

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Shunsuke Yamane Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

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Eri Ikeguchi Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

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Yuki Murata Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

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Sakura Kiyobayashi Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

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Tomonobu Hatoko Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

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Nobuya Inagaki Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

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513 974 – 982 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.036 ) Ikeguchi E Harada N Kanemaru Y Sankoda A Yamane S Iwasaki K Imajo M Murata Y Suzuki K Joo E , et al . 2018 Transcriptional factor Pdx1 is involved in age

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Ying Sze Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK

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Joana Fernandes The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK

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Zofia M Kołodziejczyk Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Paula J Brunton Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK
Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, International Campus, Haining, Zhejiang, P.R. China

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control and stressed maternal groups ( Figs. 1 and 2 ). Two-way ANOVA (with stress and sex as main factors) were used for comparisons in the placenta and fetuses, with Fisher's least significance difference test as the post-hoc test ( Figs. 3 - 5 ). P

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M E Cleasby Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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Q Lau Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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E Polkinghorne Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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S A Patel Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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S J Leslie Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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N Turner Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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G J Cooney Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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A Xu Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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E W Kraegen Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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of APPL1, perhaps exerted by regulation of transcription factors, analogous to the effects of APPL1 OE recently observed on β-catenin/TCF ( Rashid et al . 2009 ) or in the case of IRS1, and is likely to be the result of altered proteasomal

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Maayan Vatarescu The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Sapir Bechor The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Yulia Haim The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Tal Pecht The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Tanya Tarnovscki The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Noa Slutsky The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Ori Nov The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Hagit Shapiro The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Avishai Shemesh The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Angel Porgador The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Nava Bashan The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Assaf Rudich The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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transcription factor PPARγ ( Pparg ), increased in HFF mice compared to those of NC ( Fig. 2E ). The effect of HFF on Pparg expression was completely abrogated in the HFF→NC group. Figure 2 Early hepatic response to obesity reversal. Representative images

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