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Shisan Xu Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Fangjing Xie Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Li Tian Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Samane Fallah Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Fatemeh Babaei Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Sinai H C Manno Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Francis A M Manno III School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Lina Zhu Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Kin Fung Wong Department of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Yimin Liang Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Rajkumar Ramalingam Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Lei Sun Department of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Xin Wang Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Robert Plumb Waters Technologies Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts, USA

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Lee Gethings Waters Technologies Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts, USA

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Yun Wah Lam Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Shuk Han Cheng Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) at City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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translation of these findings has been lagging, partly due to inconclusive results from large-scale studies on the benefits of post-menopausal hormone replacement in CVD prevention ( Low et al . 2002 ). This is attributed, at least in part, to the lack of a

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Ping Ye
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Christopher J Kenyon MRC Blood Pressure Group, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK

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Scott M MacKenzie
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Katherine Nichol MRC Blood Pressure Group, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK

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Jonathan R Seckl MRC Blood Pressure Group, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK

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Robert Fraser
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John M C Connell
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Eleanor Davies
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Introduction Corticosteroid hormones such as aldosterone and corticosterone are synthesized by specific enzymes in the adrenal cortex but now there is strong evidence that these enzymes are also present in other tissues ( Davies & MacKenzie

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Toyoshi Endo Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo City, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan

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Tetsuro Kobayashi Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo City, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan

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autoantibody stimulates hormone synthesis, secretion, and cell growth, and induces thyrotoxicosis and goiter in the disease ( Kohn & Shifrin 1982 ). However, the precise mechanisms in which TSHR peptides are presented as antigens still remain unclear. Shimojo

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Eun Young Lee
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Shuji Kaneko Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Drug Development Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan

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Promsuk Jutabha Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Drug Development Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan

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Xilin Zhang
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Susumu Seino Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Drug Development Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan

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Takahito Jomori Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Drug Development Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan

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Naohiko Anzai Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Drug Development Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan

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Takashi Miki
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Introduction Oral ingestion of nutrients triggers the secretion of gut hormones from various enteroendocrine cells ( Ezcurra et al . 2013 , Cho et al . 2014 ). Among these, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic

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Dawn E W Livingstone Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Sarah L Grassick Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Gillian L Currie Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Brian R Walker Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Ruth Andrew Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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: effect of physicochemical and hormonal manipulations . Endocrinology 136 4754 – 4761 . Jang C Obeyesekere VR Dilley RJ Alford FP Inder WJ 2006 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is expressed and is biologically active in human

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Neerav Mullur The University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Arianne Morissette The University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Nadya M Morrow The University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Erin E Mulvihill The University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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administration ( McIntyre et al. 1965 ). The incretin hormones, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) potentiate meal-stimulated insulin secretion through direct and indirect actions on islet β-cells. The first

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David M Golding School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Daniel J Rees Institute of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK

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Jennifer R Davies Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Dinko Relkovic Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Hannah V Furby Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Irina A Guschina School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Anna L Hopkins School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Jeffrey S Davies Institute of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK

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James L Resnick Center for Mammalian Genetics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA

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Anthony R Isles Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Timothy Wells School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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reduced circulating IGF-1 and elevated GH-releasing hormone mRNA reported in Snord116del mice ( Qi et al . 2016 ) indicate that loss of Snord116 expression causes a pituitary-specific deficiency in the GH axis. Despite growth retardation, PWS-IC del

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Sushil K Mahata VA San Diego Healthcare System Metabolic Physiology & Ultrastructural Biology Lab., Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

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Hong Zheng Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

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Sumana Mahata Caltech Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA

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Xuefei Liu Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

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Kaushik P Patel Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

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& Lee Wong 2015 ). Although plasma DA concentration is similar to those of EPI, circulating DA does not act as a hormone because of its much lower potency. Plasma concentrations of NE and EPI increase dramatically in response to physical, psychological

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Emma M Roberts
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Michael J F Newson
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George R Pope
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Rainer Landgraf Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Stephen J Lolait
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Anne-Marie O'Carroll
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homeostasis is the hypothalamic PVN. Arginine vasopressin (AVP), a major neurohypophysial hormone within the HNS, is synthesised in magnocellular neurones of the hypothalamic PVN and SON ( Burbach et al . 2001 ) that project through the median eminence to the

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Shun-Neng Hsu The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan

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Louise A Stephen The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK

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Scott Dillon The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK

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Elspeth Milne The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK

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Behzad Javaheri Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK

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Andrew A Pitsillides Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK

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Amanda Novak The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK

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Jose Luis Millán Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA

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Vicky E MacRae The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK

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Katherine A Staines Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK

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Colin Farquharson The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK

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systemic levels of calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphate (Pi), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and fibroblastic growth factor-23 (FGF23) ( Moe et al. 2006 ). Hyperphosphatemia, hyperparathyroidism, and elevated FGF-23 are the primary indicators for the diagnosis

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