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Shisan Xu Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Fangjing Xie Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Li Tian Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Samane Fallah Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Fatemeh Babaei Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Sinai H C Manno Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Francis A M Manno III School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Lina Zhu Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Kin Fung Wong Department of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Yimin Liang Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Rajkumar Ramalingam Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Lei Sun Department of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Xin Wang Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Robert Plumb Waters Technologies Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts, USA

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Lee Gethings Waters Technologies Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts, USA

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Yun Wah Lam Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Shuk Han Cheng Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) at City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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sex (usually male) and sexual differences in regeneration have never been investigated. In the present study, we examine, for the first time, sexual dimorphism of zebrafish heart regeneration and factors that influence the rate of cardiac regeneration

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Shiho Fujisaka First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan

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Yoshiyuki Watanabe First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan

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Kazuyuki Tobe First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan

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receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor-γ t (RORγt), a key transcription factor that promotes Th17 cell differentiation. Since 3-oxoLCA and isoLCA levels are reduced in patients with IBD and inversely correlated with Th17 cell/IL-17-related genes

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Farhana Naznin Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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Koji Toshinai Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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T M Zaved Waise Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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Cherl NamKoong Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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Abu Saleh Md Moin Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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Hideyuki Sakoda Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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Masamitsu Nakazato Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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complex. Ghrelin activates MAPKs, including ERK1/2 ( Mousseaux et al . 2006 ). ERK1/2 are protein–serine/threonine kinases involved in the activation of nuclear transcription factors controlling proliferation, differentiation, and cell death ( Gutkind

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E J Agnew Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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A Garcia-Burgos Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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R V Richardson Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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H Manos Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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A J W Thomson Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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K Sooy Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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G Just Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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N Z M Homer Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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C M Moran Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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P J Brunton Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, UK

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G A Gray Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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K E Chapman Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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(VSMCs) ( Rog-Zielinska et al. 2013 ). Expression profiling and in silico transcription factor analysis in sheep heart suggest that endogenous glucocorticoids similarly promote the metabolic transitions that occur close to birth in large animals

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Thomas Nicholson Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Chris Church MedImmune, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease (CVMD), Milstein Building, Cambridge, UK

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Kostas Tsintzas MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Robert Jones MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Leigh Breen Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Edward T Davis The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Northfield, Birmingham, UK

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David J Baker MedImmune, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease (CVMD), Milstein Building, Cambridge, UK

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Simon W Jones Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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activate both AMPK and p38 signalling in primary human myotubes. AMPK activation has previously been reported to upregulate GLUT4 expression in primary human myotubes ( McGee et al. 2008 ), while p38 is known to regulate transcription factors that

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Sebastian R Vanin Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Kendrick Lee Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Mina Nashed Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Brennan Tse Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Lawson Health Research Institute and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Mohammed Sarikahya Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Sukham Brar Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Lawson Health Research Institute and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Gregg Tomy Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

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Amica-Mariae Lucas Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

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Thane Tomy Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

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Steven R Laviolette Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Edith J Arany Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Lawson Health Research Institute and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Daniel B Hardy Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
The Lawson Health Research Institute and the Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada

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regulate the cyclic expression of transcription factors and proteins involved in glucose metabolism such as KLF10, cyclic-AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), objective nuclear factor interleukin-3 regulated (NFIL3), and ubiquitin-specific protease

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Helen L Jeanes
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Caroline Tabor
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Darcey Black Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Organon Laboratories Ltd, Department Pharmacology, University of Edinburgh, Queens Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Antwan Ederveen Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Organon Laboratories Ltd, Department Pharmacology, University of Edinburgh, Queens Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Gillian A Gray
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transcriptional activity ( Mendelsohn & Karas 2005 ). ERα is expressed in human cardiomyocytes ( Mendelsohn & Karas 2005 ) while ERβ has been identified in cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts ( Taylor et al . 2000 ). A similar ER distribution has been reported in the

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Bin Li School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Jiming Yin Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China

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Jing Chang Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Jia Zhang School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Yangjia Wang School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Haixia Huang School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Wei Wang School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Beijing Lab for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, Beijing, China

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Xiangjun Zeng School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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diabetic cardiomyopathy ( Hahad et al. 2019 ). It is, generally, believed that hyperglycemia was the primary factor causing endothelial dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy ( Jia et al. 2018 ). However, microvascular dysfunction or diabetic cardiac

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Affiong Ika Oqua Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Yusman Manchanda Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Emma Rose McGlone Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Ben Jones Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Sarah Rouse Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK

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Alejandra Tomas Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK

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regulated processes both within the cell and in intracellular organelles. Lipids are also major contributors to intracellular signalling, either via lipidic post-translational modifications or as allosteric modulators of membrane receptors and other factors

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Vikte Lionikaite Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Karin L Gustafsson Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Anna Westerlund Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Sara H Windahl Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Antti Koskela Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

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Juha Tuukkanen Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

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Helena Johansson Institute for Health and Aging, Catholic University of Australia, Melbourne, Australia

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Claes Ohlsson Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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H Herschel Conaway Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Petra Henning Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Ulf H Lerner Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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where it ligates primarily to retinoic acid receptors, regulating gene transcription (reviewed in Tata 2002 , Conaway et al. 2013 , Henning et al. 2015 , Green et al. 2016 ). ATRA can also diffuse to adjacent cells and have paracrine effects

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