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R Prasad Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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J C Kowalczyk Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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E Meimaridou Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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H L Storr Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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L A Metherell Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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erythrocytes correlates well with the characterised rhythmicity of DHEAS and cortisol ( Goncharova et al . 2008 b ). Additionally, a similar age-related flattening of these SOD circadian rhythms has been observed, indicating a possible regulatory effect of

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Margaret K Hahn Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Adria Giacca Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Sandra Pereira Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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, are usually done in the fasting state to minimize the confounding effect of changes in nutrients and hormones associated with feeding. Moreover, circulating levels of nutrients and hormones as well as glucose metabolism have a circadian rhythm ( Ando

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Dawn E W Livingstone Endocrinology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University and British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Emma M Di Rollo Endocrinology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University and British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Chenjing Yang Endocrinology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University and British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Lucy E Codrington Endocrinology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University and British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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John A Mathews Endocrinology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University and British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Madina Kara Endocrinology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University and British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Katherine A Hughes Endocrinology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University and British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Christopher J Kenyon Endocrinology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University and British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Brian R Walker Endocrinology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University and British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Ruth Andrew Endocrinology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University and British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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. Holmes MC French KL Seckl JR 1995 Modulation of serotonin and corticosteroid receptor gene expression in the rat hippocampus with circadian rhythm and stress . Molecular Brain Research 28 186 – 192 . ( doi:10.1016/0169-328X(94)00207-U

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Dawn E W Livingstone Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Sarah L Grassick Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Gillian L Currie Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Brian R Walker Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Ruth Andrew Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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serotonin and corticosteroid receptor gene expression in the rat hippocampus with circadian rhythm and stress . Molecular Brain Research 28 186 – 192 . Horton R Pasupuletti V Antonipillai I 1993 Androgen induction of steroid 5α-reductase may

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T’ng Choong Kwok University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Roland H Stimson University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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, revealing key species-specific differences that emphasize the importance of studying BAT in humans ( Broeders et al. 2015 , Ramage et al. 2016 , Blondin et al. 2020 ). In addition, human brown adipocytes have been used to reveal the circadian rhythm

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Pauline Campos College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

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Jamie J Walker College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

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Patrice Mollard IGF, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France

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born peptides that affect neuroendocrine systems controlling metabolism. An unavoidable feature of all neuroendocrine systems is that they generate rhythms and rely on these rhythms to function optimally. These hormone oscillations dynamically regulate

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K A Staines
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A S Pollard
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I M McGonnell
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C Farquharson Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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A A Pitsillides
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proliferating chondrocytes is controlled by numerous factors, including endocrine/autocrine regulation, circadian rhythm and age. These chondrocytes also undergo a period of high secretory activity as they produce a collagen type-II- and proteoglycan-rich matrix

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Louise Grahnemo Departments of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden

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Caroline Jochems Departments of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
Departments of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden

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Annica Andersson Departments of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden

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Cecilia Engdahl Departments of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
Departments of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden

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Claes Ohlsson Departments of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden

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Ulrika Islander Departments of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden

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Hans Carlsten Departments of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden

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Westermann J Born J Lange T 2009 Cortisol and epinephrine control opposing circadian rhythms in T cell subsets . Blood 113 5134 – 5143 . ( doi:10.1182/blood-2008-11-190769 ) Essien BE Kotiw M 2012 Anti-inflammatory activity of

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J Bryce Ortiz Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

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Sebastian Tellez Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, Tempe, Arizona, USA

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Giri Rampal Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom

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Grant S Mannino Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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Nicole Couillard Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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Matias Mendez Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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Tabitha R F Green Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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Sean M Murphy Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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Rachel K Rowe Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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via physical examination. Tissue collection Blood was collected via cardiac puncture at predetermined time points post injury (1, 7, 18, 25, 43 DPI; Fig. 1 ). GH secretion occurs in a pulsatile fashion and is influenced by the circadian rhythm

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Nadia Schoenmakers University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Wellcome Trust‐Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

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Kyriaki S Alatzoglou University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Wellcome Trust‐Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

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V Krishna Chatterjee University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Wellcome Trust‐Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

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Mehul T Dattani University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Wellcome Trust‐Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

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). Additional modulators of TSH secretion include hypothalamic dopamine and somatostatin (inhibitory), and the influence of feeding behaviour, glucocorticoids, severe illness, cold, and circadian rhythm ( Fliers et al . 2006 ). Genetic causes of central

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