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Christina Antza Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Georgios Kostopoulos Department of Endocrinology, 424 General Military Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Samiul Mostafa Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Krishnarajah Nirantharakumar Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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Abd Tahrani Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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) ( https://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.REGION2480A?lang=en Accessed (September) (2021)). Considering the health and economic consequences associated with obesity (type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, mortality), there

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Bernadette M Trojanowski Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany

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Heba H Salem Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Faculty of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

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Heike Neubauer Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany

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Eric Simon Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany

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Martin Wagner Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany

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Rajkumar Dorajoo Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore

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Bernhard O Boehm Lee Kong Chiang School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Imperial College London, London, UK

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Leticia Labriola Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Thomas Wirth Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany

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Bernd Baumann Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany

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Introduction Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a clinically heterogeneous form of diabetes that is inherited in an autosomal-dominant pattern and in general, affected families have a history of diabetes over several generations

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T’ng Choong Kwok University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Roland H Stimson University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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( Cypess et al. 2009 , van Marken Lichtenbelt et al. 2009 ). More recent analysis of large datasets support the protective effects of 18 F-FDG uptake by human BAT at room temperature against developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension and

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Ryan A Lafferty Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK

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Laura M McShane Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK

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Zara J Franklin Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK

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Peter R Flatt Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK

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Finbarr P M O’Harte Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK

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Nigel Irwin Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK

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Introduction It has been well established that abnormal elevation in circulating glucagon leads to an increase in hepatic glucose production and glycogen metabolism that contribute to hyperglycaemia in diabetes ( Unger 1978 ). For this reason

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Alessandro Pocai Diabetes and Endocrinology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp and Dohme Corp., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA

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Introduction As the prevalence of type 2 diabetes increases, there is a medical need for additional antihyperglycemic agents that offer improved efficacy in glycemic control and tolerability. Obesity is an important risk factor for a number of

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Gencer Sancar German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Andreas L Birkenfeld German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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fat can lead to a range of metabolic abnormalities and diseases, including dyslipidemia, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), β cell dysfunction, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The common denominator of these

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A Edlund Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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M Barghouth Unit of Islet Pathophysiology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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M Hühn Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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M Abels Unit of Neuroendocrine Cell biology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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J S E Esguerra Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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I G Mollet Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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E Svedin Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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A Wendt Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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E Renström Unit of Islet Pathophysiology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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E Zhang Unit of Islet Pathophysiology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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N Wierup Unit of Neuroendocrine Cell biology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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B J Scholte Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Pediatric Pulmonology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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M Flodström-Tullberg Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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L Eliasson Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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reduced conductivity ( Wilke et al. 2011 ). Blood glucose abnormalities are common in CF and CF-related diabetes (CFRD) is a common secondary complication. Acquiring diabetes on the background of CF leads to an increased morbidity and mortality, and

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Alyce M Martin College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Emily W Sun College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Damien J Keating College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and markedly increased cardiovascular risk. Hepatic glucose production is the primary determinant of glucose homeostasis and is predominantly dictated by pancreatic insulin and glucagon. In addition, postprandial

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Hyo Youl Moon
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Parkyong Song BioSignal Network Laboratory, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, School of Nano-Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Engineering Building 104, 689-805 Ulsan, Republic of Korea

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Cheol Soo Choi BioSignal Network Laboratory, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, School of Nano-Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Engineering Building 104, 689-805 Ulsan, Republic of Korea

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Sung Ho Ryu BioSignal Network Laboratory, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, School of Nano-Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Engineering Building 104, 689-805 Ulsan, Republic of Korea

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Pann-Ghill Suh
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Introduction Excessive energy intake, including ingestion of a high-fat diet (HFD), and sedentary lifestyles cause hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and type II diabetes and are threatening to become a global epidemic ( Angulo 2007 , Lazo & Clark

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Neil Tanday Diabetes Research Centre, Ulster University, Coleraine, Londonderry, Northern Ireland

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Aimee Coulter-Parkhill Diabetes Research Centre, Ulster University, Coleraine, Londonderry, Northern Ireland

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R Charlotte Moffett Diabetes Research Centre, Ulster University, Coleraine, Londonderry, Northern Ireland

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Karthick Suruli Diabetes Research Centre, Ulster University, Coleraine, Londonderry, Northern Ireland

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Vaibhav Dubey Diabetes Research Centre, Ulster University, Coleraine, Londonderry, Northern Ireland

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Peter R Flatt Diabetes Research Centre, Ulster University, Coleraine, Londonderry, Northern Ireland

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Nigel Irwin Diabetes Research Centre, Ulster University, Coleraine, Londonderry, Northern Ireland

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Introduction Epidemiological data suggest that males are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) than females, but that this sex bias is absent with onset of the menopause ( Saeedi et al. 2020 ). Clearly, there is an

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