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Physiological role of the gut microbiota Nutrient metabolism and absorption Degradation of indigestible polysaccharides Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolites generated from the fermentation of insoluble dietary fiber and
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Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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serving distinct metabolic functions. The body’s surplus energy is primarily stored in WAT as triglycerides and liberated from the adipocyte as free fatty acids and glycerol when required. Excess adiposity secondary to increased fat storage within WAT is a
University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
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Cambridge University Nanjing Centre of Technology and Innovation, Nanjing, P. R. China
Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
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free fatty acid (FFA) levels, notably in their saturated form, are positively associated with the incidence of T2D ( Wang et al. 2003 , Qureshi et al. 2019 ). Abnormal intracellular lipid accumulation and adipocyte infiltration in the pancreas
Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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–/– males had increased serum triacyclglycerols ( Fig. 4E ), monoacylglycerols and diacylglycerols ( Fig. 4F ) and non-esterified fatty acids ( Fig. 4G ), but without change in total or HDL cholesterol ( Fig. 4H ). Relative intensity values for acylglycerols
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. 2017 ). Lipid metabolism After a short period of fasting, lean GCGR −/− mice have similar levels of plasma triglycerides, free fatty acids and cholesterol to wild-type mice ( Parker et al. 2002 , Gelling et al. 2003 , Conarello et al
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gluconeogenesis, as well as hepatic amino acid uptake and ureagenesis ( Marroqui et al . 2014 ), while reducing hepatic fat accumulation by increasing fatty acid oxidation and decreasing de novo lipogenesis ( Longuet et al . 2008 ). GLP-2R is expressed mainly
Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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are met and its storage capacity is full, ceramides accumulate by leading to the coupling of free fatty acids to the sphingoid backbone. As ceramides accumulate, they initially could protect cells from acute increases in fatty acids and enhance
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-derived factors such as short-chain fatty acids ( Reigstad et al. 2015 ) as molecular targets in linking colon 5-HT and metabolic health. Fourth, we cannot ignore potential maternal influences on the establishment of the gut microbiota and serotonergic functions
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Department of Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Fatty Acid Quantification Colorimetric kit (BioVision). Determination of Mitochondrial DNA (MtDNA) content Total DNA was extracted from pancreas using the EZNA Tissue DNA kit (Omega Bio-Tek). MtDNA content was measured with quantitative real
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increases glucose production and break down of fat stores in the mother, thus releasing both glucose and fatty acids from the maternal circulation to be readily taken up by the rapidly growing fetus ( Grimes & Wild 2018 ) (Fig. 2 ). It was debated up until