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Nami Kim Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea

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Jung Ok Lee Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea

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Hye Jeong Lee Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea

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Yong Woo Lee Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea

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Hyung Ip Kim Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea

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Su Jin Kim Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea

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Sun Hwa Park Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea

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Chul Su Lee Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea

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Sun Woo Ryoo Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea

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Geum-Sook Hwang Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea

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Hyeon Soo Kim Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea

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(Rahway, NJ, USA). Hybond ECL nitrocellulose membranes were obtained from GE Healthcare (Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, UK). Cell culture Mouse C2C12 myoblasts and rat L6 myoblasts were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS and 1

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Yaxiong Huang Department of Reproductive Medicine center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
Hubei Clinical Research Center for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Health, Wuhan Hubei Province, PR China
Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Science and Birth Health, Wuhan Hubei Province, PR China
Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Sinopharm Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, PR China

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Zihan Wang Department of Reproductive Medicine center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
Hubei Clinical Research Center for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Health, Wuhan Hubei Province, PR China
Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Science and Birth Health, Wuhan Hubei Province, PR China

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Bin Li Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Sinopharm Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, PR China

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Lina Ke Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Sinopharm Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, PR China

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Yao Xiong Department of Reproductive Medicine center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
Hubei Clinical Research Center for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Health, Wuhan Hubei Province, PR China
Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Science and Birth Health, Wuhan Hubei Province, PR China

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Yuanzhen Zhang Department of Reproductive Medicine center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
Hubei Clinical Research Center for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Health, Wuhan Hubei Province, PR China
Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Science and Birth Health, Wuhan Hubei Province, PR China

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, siRNA targeting the rat or human KLF15 gene was obtained from Shanghai Gima Gene Company (Shanghai, China). For KLF15 knockdown in Ishikawa cells, the experimental group was transfected with 5 µL of KLF15 siRNA (100 nM), while the control group was

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Sushil K Mahata VA San Diego Healthcare System Metabolic Physiology & Ultrastructural Biology Lab., Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

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Hong Zheng Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

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Sumana Mahata Caltech Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA

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Xuefei Liu Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

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Kaushik P Patel Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

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-operated group and an HF group. HF was produced by coronary artery ligation, as described previously ( Zhang et al . 2001 , Kleiber et al . 2008 ). Each rat was caged individually in an environment with ambient temperature maintained at 22°C and humidity at 30

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David R Grattan Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

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al . 1999 ). Hence, it is reasonable to consider them as a functional unit of prolactin-inhibiting neurons. Electrophysiological studies of hypothalamic dopamine neurons in the rat have described TIDA neurons as exhibiting a robust oscillation between

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Md Nurul Islam Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan

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Yuichiro Mita Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan

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Keisuke Maruyama Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan

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Ryota Tanida Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
Department of Sports and Fitness, Faculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, Aichi, Japan

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Weidong Zhang Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan

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Hideyuki Sakoda Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan

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Masamitsu Nakazato Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
CREST (Japan) Agency for Medical Research and Development (A-MED) 1-7-1 Otemachi, Tokyo, Japan

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Introduction Ghrelin, a 28-amino acid acylated peptide originally isolated from rat and human stomach, is involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis and growth hormone (GH) secretion ( Kojima et al. 1999 , Nakazato et al. 2001

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Alvaro Souto Padron Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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Ruy Andrade Louzada Neto Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil
Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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Thiago Urgal Pantaleão Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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Maria Carolina de Souza dos Santos Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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Renata Lopes Araujo Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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Bruno Moulin de Andrade Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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Monique da Silva Leandro Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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João Pedro Saar Werneck de Castro Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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Andrea Claudia Freitas Ferreira Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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Denise Pires de Carvalho Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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-genomic effects of thyroid hormones on the resting metabolic rate (RMR) and oxygen consumption ( Lanni et al . 1996 , Moreno et al . 2002 ). Compound 3,5-T2 by itself increases the rate of oxygen consumption in perfused rat liver ( Horst et al . 1989 ), blood

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Anne-Marie O'Carroll Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (LINE), University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Gillian M Howell Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (LINE), University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Emma M Roberts Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (LINE), University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Stephen J Lolait Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (LINE), University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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AVP (and the related nonapeptide oxytocin) was found in the rat and human pancreas, suggesting that like CRH, AVP may play a local regulatory role in pancreatic function ( Amico et al . 1988 ). More recently pharmacological and gene knockout studies

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Ya-Li Yang Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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Li-Rong Ren Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shenzhen Baoan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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Li-Feng Sun Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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Chen Huang Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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Tian-Xia Xiao Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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Bao-Bei Wang Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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Jie Chen Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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Brian A Zabel Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA, and Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA

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Peigen Ren Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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Jian V Zhang Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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that it could regulate glucose homeostasis in the development of obesity. It was recently reported that many chemokines play important roles in fertility and reproduction ( Hausman & Barb 2010 ). Tena-Sempere et al . (1999) found that in rat

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Michael J F Newson Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Emma M Roberts Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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George R Pope Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Stephen J Lolait Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Anne-Marie O'Carroll Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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the pyroglutamyl form of apelin-13 (pGlu-apelin-13) and apelin-17, may be more abundant in the rat ( De Mota et al . 2004 , Reaux-Le Goazigo et al . 2004 ). These cleavage products have greater affinity for APJ ( Medhurst et al . 2003 ) and exhibit

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Emma M Roberts
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Michael J F Newson
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George R Pope
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Rainer Landgraf Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Stephen J Lolait
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Anne-Marie O'Carroll
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). In addition to apelin-36, other possible isoforms of the peptide, including the pyroglutamyl form of apelin-13 (pGlu-apelin-13) and apelin-17, have been discovered in rat hypothalamic extracts and plasma ( De Mota et al . 2004 ). Synthetic peptides

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