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Elizabeth M Simpson School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia

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Iain J Clarke School of Agriculture Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

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Christopher J Scott School of Dentistry and Medical Science, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia

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Cyril P Stephen School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia

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Alexandra Rao School of Agriculture Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

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Allan J Gunn School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia

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-releasing hormone (GnRH), luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), may delay puberty and delay the return to cyclicity following parturition or lactation. This is associated with reduced conception rates, reduced ovulation rates

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Hiroharu Mifune Institute of Animal Experimentation, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Yuji Tajiri Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Yusuke Sakai Institute of Animal Experimentation, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Yukie Kawahara Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Kento Hara Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Takahiro Sato Molecular Genetics, Life Science Institute, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan

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Yoshihiro Nishi Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Akinori Nishi Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Ryouichi Mitsuzono Department of Exercise Physiology, Institute of Health and Sports Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan

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Tatsuyuki Kakuma Bostatistics Center, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan

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Masayasu Kojima Molecular Genetics, Life Science Institute, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan

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producing the motivation to perform and adhere to exercise, especially in obese subjects. Ghrelin, which was originally identified as a growth hormone secretagogue (GHS), is an orexigenic gut hormone. This 28-amino acid peptide is produced by the X

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Stuart A Lanham Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

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Dominique Blache School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia

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Richard O C Oreffo Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

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Abigail L Fowden Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Alison J Forhead Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK

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intrauterine conditions, a number of hormones are known to regulate skeletal growth and development in utero to optimize the size, structure and mechanical strength of bone ( Agrogiannis et al. 2014 , Kovacs 2014 ). The majority of studies have focused

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Carolina Gaudenzi Neuro-Epigenetics Research Group, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

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Karen R Mifsud Neuro-Epigenetics Research Group, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

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Johannes M H M Reul Neuro-Epigenetics Research Group, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

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Introduction The central actions of corticosterone and cortisol – the most abundant glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) in rodents and humans, respectively – are mediated by two intracellular steroid receptors: the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and

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Saadia Basharat
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Jennifer A Parker Division of Diabetes, University College London, Brunel University, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, 6th Floor, Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK

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Kevin G Murphy
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Stephen R Bloom
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Julia C Buckingham Division of Diabetes, University College London, Brunel University, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, 6th Floor, Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK

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Christopher D John
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a context in which any additional inflammatory stimulus results in an exaggerated inflammatory response ( Vachharajani 2008 ). The adipose tissue-derived hormone leptin has a well-characterised role in energy homoeostasis, but has also been suggested

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Jane J Reavey MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Catherine Walker MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Alison A Murray MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Savita Brito-Mutunayagam MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Sheona Sweeney MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Moira Nicol MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Ana Cambursano MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Hilary O D Critchley MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Jacqueline A Maybin MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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early initiation of menarche, menstrual irregularities during adolescence, polycystic ovary syndrome, suboptimal hormonal contraceptive efficacy and infertility ( Zaadstra et al. 1993 , Pettigrew & Hamilton-Fairley 1997 , Lash & Armstrong 2009

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Emma Rose McGlone Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Stephen R Bloom Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Tricia M-M Tan Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Introduction Glucagon is a peptide hormone secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas which acts on several organs including the liver, kidney, heart and brain ( Marroqui et al. 2014 , Wewer Albrechtsen et al. 2023 ). The precursor protein

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Lisa L Koorneef Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Jan Kroon Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Eva M G Viho Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Lucas F Wahl Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Kim M L Heckmans Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Marloes M A R van Dorst Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Menno Hoekstra Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

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René Houtman Pamgene International, Den Bosch, The Netherlands

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Hazel Hunt Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California, USA

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Onno C Meijer Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Introduction Glucocorticoids (GCs) are adrenal hormones involved in the stress response, regulating processes such as immune function and metabolism. The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis controls GC secretion via a cascade of hormonal

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Yanli Miao Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Haojie Qin Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Yi Zhong Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Kai Huang Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Caijun Rao Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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orexigenic hormone that increases appetite and ultimately leads to obesity and weight gain ( Duerrschmid et al. 2017 ). However, its metabolic regulation on adipose tissue itself has not been studied. Our findings indicated that the expression of asprosin

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Lina Lawenius Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Hannah Colldén Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Karin Horkeby Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Jianyao Wu Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Louise Grahnemo Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Liesbeth Vandenput Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia

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Claes Ohlsson Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Klara Sjögren Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Introduction Osteoporosis is a debilitating disease affecting one in two women and one in five men after 50 years of age ( Sambrook & Cooper 2006 ). Both men and women lose bone in an age-dependent manner because of decreasing sex hormone

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