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A McMaster Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular
Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular

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T Chambers Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular

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Q-J Meng Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular

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S Grundy Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular

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A S I Loudon Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular

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R Donn Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular
Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular

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D W Ray Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular

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purified using a MiniPrep Kit (Qiagen). The constructs were externally sequenced throughout the promoter fragment region (LARK Technologies, Thakeley, Essex, UK). Cell culture and stable transfection Rat-1 cells, a rat fibroblast cell line known to express

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Peter Kolkhof Drug Discovery, Cardiology Research, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany

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Lars Bärfacker Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany

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, working in the renal labs of Gordon Van Arman, was examining the effects of the compounds in his rat assay of mineralocorticoid-dependent sodium retention ( Cella & Kagawa 1957 ). A particular compound, SC-5233 (3-(3-oxo-17β-hydroxy-4-androsten-17α

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Elizabeth M Simpson School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia

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Iain J Clarke School of Agriculture Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

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Christopher J Scott School of Dentistry and Medical Science, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia

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Cyril P Stephen School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia

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Alexandra Rao School of Agriculture Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

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Allan J Gunn School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia

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that GLP-1 increases kisspeptin gene expression in fetal rat brain cultures ( Beak et al. 1998 , Oride 2017 ), and GLP-1 stimulated GnRH secretion from isolated male rat hypothalami. Intracerebroventricular injection stimulated LH release in rats

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Nikolaos Nikolaou Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Anastasia Arvaniti Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK

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Nathan Appanna Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Anna Sharp Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Beverly A Hughes Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK

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Dena Digweed Diurnal Ltd, Cardiff, UK

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Martin J Whitaker Diurnal Ltd, Cardiff, UK

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Richard Ross Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

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Wiebke Arlt Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Trevor M Penning Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Karen Morris Biochemistry Department, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester, UK

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Sherly George Biochemistry Department, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester, UK

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Brian G Keevil Biochemistry Department, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester, UK

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Leanne Hodson Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Laura L Gathercole Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK

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Jeremy W Tomlinson Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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formation of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. Endorcing our observations, dexamethasone has been shown to increase the expression of CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 in both human and rat hepatocytes ( Princen et al. 1989 , Ellis et al. 1998 , Mörk et al

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Dawn E W Livingstone Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Sarah L Grassick Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Gillian L Currie Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Brian R Walker Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Ruth Andrew Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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SC Chung WK Wu-Peng XS Zhang Y Liu S-M Tartaglia L Leibel RL 1996 Phenotypes of mouse diabetes and rat fatty due to mutations in the OB (leptin) receptor . Science 271 994 – 996 . Cohen B Novick D Rubinstein M 1996

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Seokwon Jo Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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Emilyn U Alejandro Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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/offspring are lacking. Some of the early work in rat models of GDM using streptozocin (beta-cell specific apoptosis-inducer) treated dams suggest that GDM offspring had increased islet mass associated with islet hyperplasia, and increased circulating insulin

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Ismael González-García Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Pablo B Martínez de Morentin Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Ánxela Estévez-Salguero Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Cristina Contreras Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Amparo Romero-Picó Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Johan Fernø Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Rubén Nogueiras Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Carlos Diéguez Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Manuel Tena-Sempere Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
FiDiPro Program, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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Sulay Tovar Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Miguel López Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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.cmet.2008.10.004 ) 10.1016/j.cmet.2008.10.004 19041762 Bolster DR Crozier SJ Kimball SR Jefferson LS 2002 AMP-activated protein kinase suppresses protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscle through down-regulated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR

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I J Bujalska
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L L Gathercole
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J W Tomlinson
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C Darimont Division of Medical Sciences, Nestle Research Center, Pfizer Global Research and Development, The Medical School, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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J Ermolieff Division of Medical Sciences, Nestle Research Center, Pfizer Global Research and Development, The Medical School, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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A N Fanjul Division of Medical Sciences, Nestle Research Center, Pfizer Global Research and Development, The Medical School, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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P A Rejto Division of Medical Sciences, Nestle Research Center, Pfizer Global Research and Development, The Medical School, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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P M Stewart
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. 2004 ). At a molecular level, glucocorticoids exert potent effects upon adipose tissue; in mature rat adipocytes, dexamethasone decreases glucose uptake and oxidation ( Olefsky 1975 , De et al . 1981 ). Glucocorticoids increase lipolysis by up

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Thomas G Hill Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Lorna I F Smith Diabetes Research Group, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK

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Inmaculada Ruz-Maldonado Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

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Peter M Jones Diabetes Research Group, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK

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James E Bowe Diabetes Research Group, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK

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20, pH 6.0) in a pressure cooker for 2 min. Non-specific binding was blocked using a blocking buffer (0.25% BSA, 0.25% Triton X-100 in PBS) prior to incubation with either polyclonal guinea pig anti-insulin (1:200) along with either monoclonal rat

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Dominik Simon Botermann Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany

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Nadine Brandes Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany

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Anke Frommhold Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany

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Ina Heß Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany

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Alexander Wolff Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany

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Arne Zibat Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany

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Heidi Hahn Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany

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Rolf Buslei Institute of Pathology, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Klinikum am Bruderwald, Bamberg, Germany

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Anja Uhmann Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany

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mediator of prolactin release in the rat . Endocrinology 116 1383 – 13 90 . ( https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-116-4-1383 ) Ahn S Joyner AL 2004 Dynamic changes in the response of cells to positive hedgehog signaling during mouse limb patterning

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