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David Cottet-Dumoulin Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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Quentin Perrier Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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Vanessa Lavallard Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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David Matthey-Doret Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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Laura Mar Fonseca Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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Juliette Bignard Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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Reine Hanna Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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Géraldine Parnaud Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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Fanny Lebreton Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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Kevin Bellofatto Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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Ekaterine Berishvili Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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Thierry Berney Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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Domenico Bosco Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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and fatty acids . Journal of Nutrition 136 873 – 876 . ( https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.4.873 ) Ravier MA Güldenagel M Charollais A Gjinovci A Caille D Söhl G Wollheim CB Willecke K Henquin JC & Meda P 2005 Loss of connexin36

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Koichiro Taguchi Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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Kazuo Kajita Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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Yoshihiko Kitada Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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Masayuki Fuwa Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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Motochika Asano Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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Takahide Ikeda Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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Toshiko Kajita Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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Tatsuo Ishizuka Department of General Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu, Japan

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Itaru Kojima Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan

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Hiroyuki Morita Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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genes specific for adipocytes, including adiponectin ( Adipoq ), leptin ( Lep ), and resistin ( Retn ), and the expression levels of the genes abundantly expressed in adipocytes, including lipoprotein lipase ( Lpl ), and fatty acid binding protein 4

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Dawn E W Livingstone University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Emma M Di Rollo University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Tracy C-S Mak University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Karen Sooy University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Brian R Walker University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Ruth Andrew University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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steatosis, implying that changes in glucocorticoid signalling may underpin non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in 5αR1 deficiency ( Livingstone et al. 2015 ). Here, we investigate whether 5αR1 deficiency in female mice, representative of ‘a low androgen

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Keld Fosgerau Novo Nordisk Diabetes Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark

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Kirsten Raun Novo Nordisk Diabetes Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark

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Cecilia Nilsson Novo Nordisk Diabetes Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark

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Kirsten Dahl Novo Nordisk Diabetes Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark

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Birgitte S Wulff Novo Nordisk Diabetes Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark

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from isoflurane anaesthetized rats for the determination of plasma glucose, insulin, leptin, and lipids. Leptin was measured using a Linco-plex kit (Linco Research, Inc., St Charles, MO, USA). Plasma levels of nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA

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Christina Antza Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Georgios Kostopoulos Department of Endocrinology, 424 General Military Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Samiul Mostafa Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Krishnarajah Nirantharakumar Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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Abd Tahrani Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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% CI (0.03, 0.35)) and greater ghrelin level in the cross‐sectional subgroup analysis (SMD = 0.14, 95% CI (0.02, 0.27)) ( Lin et al. 2020 ). Experimental sleep restriction is also associated with increased free fatty acids, which can lead to insulin

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K L Davies Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK

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J Miles Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK

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E J Camm Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia

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D J Smith Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK

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P Barker MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Mouse Biochemistry Laboratory, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK

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K Taylor Endocrine Laboratory, Blood Sciences, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK

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A J Forhead Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK

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A L Fowden Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK

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, McGowan & Matthews 2018 ), sheep appear to be less sensitive to prenatal glucocorticoid programming of their adult insulin–glucose dynamics, probably because their adult metabolism depends more heavily on volatile fatty acids than glucose ( Judson et al

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Lisa L Koorneef Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Jan Kroon Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Eva M G Viho Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Lucas F Wahl Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Kim M L Heckmans Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Marloes M A R van Dorst Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Menno Hoekstra Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

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René Houtman Pamgene International, Den Bosch, The Netherlands

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Hazel Hunt Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California, USA

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Onno C Meijer Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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levels and (L) HOMA-IR. Both CORT125281 and mifepristone seemed to modestly reduce (M) plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol levels (N), but did not affect (O) free fatty acid levels. Values are expressed as means ±  s.e.m. of n  = 4–6 mice per group

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Neerav Mullur The University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Arianne Morissette The University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Nadya M Morrow The University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Erin E Mulvihill The University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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incretin hormone to be identified, GIP, is mainly synthesized within the enteroendocrine K cells of the duodenum and jejunum. Nutrients in the gut lumen, including glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, stimulate GIP secretion, rapidly increasing its

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Geoffrey L Hammond Departments of Cellular & Physiological Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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HNF4α in hepatocytes under these conditions is unknown, but may somehow be related to the fact that fatty acids, including palmitate ( Hertz et al. 1998 ), are ligands of HNF4α ( Wisely et al. 2002 ). A direct correlation between hepatic HNF4-α

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M A Hyatt Early Life Nutrition Research Unit, Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Human Development, Academic Child Health

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D H Keisler Early Life Nutrition Research Unit, Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Human Development, Academic Child Health

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H Budge Early Life Nutrition Research Unit, Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Human Development, Academic Child Health
Early Life Nutrition Research Unit, Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Human Development, Academic Child Health

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M E Symonds Early Life Nutrition Research Unit, Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Human Development, Academic Child Health
Early Life Nutrition Research Unit, Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Human Development, Academic Child Health

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plasma IGF1 was assessed by ELISA (OCTEIA IGF1; IDS Ltd, Tyne and Wear, UK). Plasma glucose (Randox GPO-PAP; Randox, Crumlin, UK) and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA; NEFA-c Kit; Wako Chemicals GmbH, Neuss, Germany) concentrations were assessed

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