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associated with starvation. As outlined in this volume, lipodystrophy, the complete or partial absence of fat, is a heterogeneous disorder associated with leptin deficiency and a severe sometimes intractable insulin resistance and diabetes as well as
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SC Chung WK Wu-Peng XS Zhang Y Liu S-M Tartaglia L Leibel RL 1996 Phenotypes of mouse diabetes and rat fatty due to mutations in the OB (leptin) receptor . Science 271 994 – 996 . Cohen B Novick D Rubinstein M 1996
Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Scotland’s Rural College, The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, United Kingdom
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Centre for Systems Health and Integrated Metabolic Research, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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.cmet.2018.01.004 ) Anderson AJ Andrew R Homer NZ Jones GC Smith K Livingstone DE Walker BR & Stimson RH 2016 Metformin increases cortisol regeneration by 11betaHSD1 in obese men with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus . Journal of
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Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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University of Copenhagen partially funded by an unrestricted donation from the Novo Nordisk Foundation ( www.metabol.ku.dk ). H A was awarded an Albert Renold Travel Fellowship (European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes). Author contribution statement C C
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School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Pediatric Research Center, Hospital for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Castro et al. 2020 ), liver damage ( Gariani et al. 2016 , Zhou et al. 2016 , Mukherjee et al. 2017 , Wang et al. 2018 , Han et al. 2019 ), diabetes ( Kakimoto & Kowaltowkski 2016 , Stromsdorfer et al. 2016 , Trammell et al. 2016
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-associated metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiometabolic conditions ( Stefan 2020 , Klein et al . 2022 ). Over 670 million adults are obese worldwide, which causes huge socioeconomic burden to our society
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fasting, there are some conditions of altered energy balances such as diabetes and obesity, etc. in which more than enough stores of metabolic energy are present, but the body cannot use them ( Sexton & Jarow 1997 , Cleary et al . 2001 , Smith et al
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disorders, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and ageing. Antioxidant defence mechanisms are complex and can be specific to cell type and furthermore to sub-cellular compartment. In comparison to many other tissues, including those with high metabolic
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Introduction Obesity and obesity-related disorders such as type 2 diabetes are steadily increasing worldwide with the improvement of people’s living standards and unhealthy lifestyle ( Mohammed et al. 2018 ). Obesity is a pathophysiological
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treatment of a range of conditions, including type 2 diabetes-metabolic syndrome, atheromatous coronary artery disease and age-related cognitive decline ( Anderson & Walker 2013 , Chapman et al . 2013 ). In mice, inhibition of, or deficiency in, 11β-HSD1