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Jeffrey Friedman Rockefeller University, Box 305, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA

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associated with starvation. As outlined in this volume, lipodystrophy, the complete or partial absence of fat, is a heterogeneous disorder associated with leptin deficiency and a severe sometimes intractable insulin resistance and diabetes as well as

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Dawn E W Livingstone Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Sarah L Grassick Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Gillian L Currie Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Brian R Walker Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Ruth Andrew Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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SC Chung WK Wu-Peng XS Zhang Y Liu S-M Tartaglia L Leibel RL 1996 Phenotypes of mouse diabetes and rat fatty due to mutations in the OB (leptin) receptor . Science 271 994 – 996 . Cohen B Novick D Rubinstein M 1996

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Elisa Villalobos University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Allende Miguelez-Crespo University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Ruth A Morgan University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Scotland’s Rural College, The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, United Kingdom

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Lisa Ivatt University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Mhairi Paul University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Joanna P Simpson University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Natalie Z M Homer University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Dominic Kurian The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Judit Aguilar The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Rachel A Kline The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Thomas M Wishart The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Nicholas M Morton University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Centre for Systems Health and Integrated Metabolic Research, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom

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Roland H Stimson University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Ruth Andrew University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Brian R Walker University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Mark Nixon University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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.cmet.2018.01.004 ) Anderson AJ Andrew R Homer NZ Jones GC Smith K Livingstone DE Walker BR & Stimson RH 2016 Metformin increases cortisol regeneration by 11betaHSD1 in obese men with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus . Journal of

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Corinne Caillaud Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Mie Mechta Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Heidi Ainge Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Andreas N Madsen Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Patricia Ruell Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Emilie Mas Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Catherine Bisbal Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Jacques Mercier Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Stephen Twigg Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Trevor A Mori Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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David Simar Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Romain Barrès Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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University of Copenhagen partially funded by an unrestricted donation from the Novo Nordisk Foundation ( www.metabol.ku.dk ). H A was awarded an Albert Renold Travel Fellowship (European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes). Author contribution statement C C

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David M Cartwright Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Lucy A Oakey Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Rachel S Fletcher Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Craig L Doig Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

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Silke Heising Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Dean P Larner Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Daniela Nasteska Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Caitlin E Berry Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Sam R Heaselgrave Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Christian Ludwig Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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David J Hodson Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Gareth G Lavery Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Antje Garten Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Pediatric Research Center, Hospital for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany

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Castro et al. 2020 ), liver damage ( Gariani et al. 2016 , Zhou et al. 2016 , Mukherjee et al. 2017 , Wang et al. 2018 , Han et al. 2019 ), diabetes ( Kakimoto & Kowaltowkski 2016 , Stromsdorfer et al. 2016 , Trammell et al. 2016

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Xiong Weng Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK

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Hao Jiang Gene Expression and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK

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David J Walker Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK

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Houjiang Zhou MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, Dundee, Scotland, UK

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De Lin Drug Discovery Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK

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Jing Wang Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

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Li Kang Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK

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-associated metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiometabolic conditions ( Stefan 2020 , Klein et al . 2022 ). Over 670 million adults are obese worldwide, which causes huge socioeconomic burden to our society

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F Wahab Stem Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany

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M Shahab Stem Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany

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R Behr Stem Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany

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fasting, there are some conditions of altered energy balances such as diabetes and obesity, etc. in which more than enough stores of metabolic energy are present, but the body cannot use them ( Sexton & Jarow 1997 , Cleary et al . 2001 , Smith et al

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R Prasad Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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J C Kowalczyk Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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E Meimaridou Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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H L Storr Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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L A Metherell Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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disorders, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and ageing. Antioxidant defence mechanisms are complex and can be specific to cell type and furthermore to sub-cellular compartment. In comparison to many other tissues, including those with high metabolic

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Yanli Miao Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Haojie Qin Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Yi Zhong Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Kai Huang Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Caijun Rao Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Introduction Obesity and obesity-related disorders such as type 2 diabetes are steadily increasing worldwide with the improvement of people’s living standards and unhealthy lifestyle ( Mohammed et al. 2018 ). Obesity is a pathophysiological

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Jethro S Johnson Computational Genomics Analysis and Training, Medical Research Council-Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Monica N Opiyo University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Marian Thomson Edinburgh Genomics, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Karim Gharbi Edinburgh Genomics, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Jonathan R Seckl University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Andreas Heger Computational Genomics Analysis and Training, Medical Research Council-Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Karen E Chapman University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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treatment of a range of conditions, including type 2 diabetes-metabolic syndrome, atheromatous coronary artery disease and age-related cognitive decline ( Anderson & Walker 2013 , Chapman et al . 2013 ). In mice, inhibition of, or deficiency in, 11β-HSD1

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