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Farhana Naznin Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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Koji Toshinai Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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T M Zaved Waise Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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Cherl NamKoong Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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Abu Saleh Md Moin Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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Hideyuki Sakoda Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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Masamitsu Nakazato Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
Division of Neurology, Department of Sports and Fitness, AMED-CREST, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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high-fat diet . Cell Metabolism 20 54 – 60 . ( doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.04.007 ) Milanski M Degasperi G Coope A Morari J Denis R Cintra DE Tsukumo DM Anhe G Amaral ME Takahashi HK 2009 Saturated fatty acids produce an

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Hiroharu Mifune Institute of Animal Experimentation, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Yuji Tajiri Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Yusuke Sakai Institute of Animal Experimentation, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Yukie Kawahara Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Kento Hara Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Takahiro Sato Molecular Genetics, Life Science Institute, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan

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Yoshihiro Nishi Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Akinori Nishi Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

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Ryouichi Mitsuzono Department of Exercise Physiology, Institute of Health and Sports Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan

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Tatsuyuki Kakuma Bostatistics Center, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan

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Masayasu Kojima Molecular Genetics, Life Science Institute, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan

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producing the motivation to perform and adhere to exercise, especially in obese subjects. Ghrelin, which was originally identified as a growth hormone secretagogue (GHS), is an orexigenic gut hormone. This 28-amino acid peptide is produced by the X

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Saeed Alshahrani Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, 216 HSB, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA

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Mohammed Mashari Almutairi Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, 216 HSB, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA

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Shams Kursan Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, 216 HSB, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA

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Eduardo Dias-Junior Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, 216 HSB, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA

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Mohamed Mahmoud Almiahuob Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, 216 HSB, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA

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Lydia Aguilar-Bryan Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, 216 HSB, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA

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Mauricio Di Fulvio Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, 216 HSB, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA

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ions . Journal of General Physiology 31 213 – 215 . ( doi:10.1085/jgp.31.3.213 ) Oh YS 2015 Mechanistic insights into pancreatic β-cell mass regulation by glucose and free fatty acids . Anatomy & Cell Biology 48 16 – 24 . ( doi:10

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Jane J Reavey MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Catherine Walker MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Alison A Murray MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Savita Brito-Mutunayagam MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Sheona Sweeney MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Moira Nicol MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Ana Cambursano MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Hilary O D Critchley MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Jacqueline A Maybin MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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26.9 (17.2–43.6) Fibroids on ultrasound  Present 48 (39.7%)  Absent 58 (47.9%)  Unknown 15 (12.4%) Fibroid size (cm)* 4.4 (0.5–11.8) Smoking (never) 50 (41.3%) Use of mefenamic acid/tranexamic acid

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Sara Della Torre Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Gianpaolo Rando Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Clara Meda Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Paolo Ciana Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Luisa Ottobrini Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Adriana Maggi Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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comparison of their binding properties with estrogen and fatty acid ligands . Journal of Biological Chemistry 256 9414 – 9418 . Soto U Pepperkok R Ansorge W Just WW 1993 Import of firefly luciferase into mammalian peroxisomes in vivo

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Kaitlyn A Colglazier Lilly Diabetes Center of Excellence, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

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Noyonika Mukherjee Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

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Christopher J Contreras Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Roudebush VA Medical Center and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

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Andrew T Templin Lilly Diabetes Center of Excellence, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Roudebush VA Medical Center and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

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& Pipeleers DG 2001 Inverse relationship between cytotoxicity of free fatty acids in pancreatic islet cells and cellular triglyceride accumulation . Diabetes 50 1771 – 1777 . ( https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.50.8.1771 ) Cnop M Welsh N Jonas J

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Michael Rouse Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA

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Antoine Younès Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA

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Josephine M Egan Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA

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Jedrychowski MP Banks AS Lim JH Chim H Gygi SP Puigserver P 2011 The cAMP/PKA pathway rapidly activates SIRT1 to promote fatty acid oxidation independently of changes in NAD + . Molecular Cell 44 851 – 863 . ( doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2011

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Jin-Ran Chen Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Oxana P Lazarenko Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Haijun Zhao Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Alexander W Alund Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Kartik Shankar Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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and to program gene expression in key metabolic pathways, such as fatty acids and glucose metabolism ( Levin & Govek 1998 , King 2006 , Shankar et al . 2008 , Geraghty et al . 2016 ). Emerging evidence suggests that maternal obesity caused by

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