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Shiao Y Chan School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Laura A Hancox School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Azucena Martín-Santos School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Laurence S Loubière School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Merlin N M Walter School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Ana-Maria González School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Phillip M Cox School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Ann Logan School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Christopher J McCabe School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Jayne A Franklyn School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Mark D Kilby School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathology, Fetal Medicine Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Introduction Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) describes the failure of a fetus to attain its genetically determined growth potential, with the most common underlying etiology being uteroplacental failure associated with abnormal placental

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Valentina Pampanini Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Daniela Germani Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy

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Antonella Puglianiello Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy

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Jan-Bernd Stukenborg Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Ahmed Reda Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Iuliia Savchuk Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Kristín Rós Kjartansdóttir Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Stefano Cianfarani Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero ‘Bambino Gesù’ Children’s Hospital – Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy

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Olle Söder Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Introduction Adverse conditions during fetal life, such as low nutrient and/or oxygen supply from the placenta, can lead to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and low birth weight. Besides affecting body growth, a suboptimal intrauterine

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Antonia Hufnagel University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK

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Laura Dearden University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK

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Denise S Fernandez-Twinn University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK

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Susan E Ozanne University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK

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effects of hyperinsulinaemia on maternal haemodynamic adaptations could explain the increased risk of stillbirth in obese and diabetic pregnancies ( Poston et al. 2016 ). They could also explain the cases of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in

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Stuart A Lanham Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

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Dominique Blache School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia

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Richard O C Oreffo Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

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Abigail L Fowden Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Alison J Forhead Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK

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positive and negative correlations observed between plasma insulin and concentrations of IGFI and IGFII, respectively ( Gluckman et al. 1987 ). Similarly, in a clinical case of transient neonatal diabetes mellitus where the infant was born with IUGR and

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Seokwon Jo Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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Emilyn U Alejandro Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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insulin processing . Nature Communications 8 16014 . ( https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms16014 ) Boehmer BH Limesand SW & Rozance PJ 2017 The impact of IUGR on pancreatic islet development and beta-cell function . Journal of Endocrinology 235 R63

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