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of β-cell adaptations in rodent pregnancy ( Rieck & Kaestner 2010 ). Similarly, in human pregnancy, levels of CRH in the peripheral circulation increase as gestation progresses ( Campbell et al . 1987 , Sasaki et al . 1987 ) and CRH
Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Introduction To accommodate the dynamic energy demands of pregnancy, while still maintaining metabolic homeostasis, significant alterations to maternal metabolism are required ( Fig. 1 ). Impaired or inappropriate maternal adaptations can
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and pro-survival adaptations through autocrine/paracrine signalling ( Kim et al. 2010 , Schraenen et al. 2010 , Ohara-Imaizumi et al. 2013 , Almaca et al. 2016 , Moon et al. 2020 ). In addition to the established role of the lactogenic
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gathered current evidence for the effects of maternal and fetal hyperinsulinaemia on developmental programming and describe the direct effects of insulin on the placenta and the maternal metabolic and cardiovascular adaptation to pregnancy. We also discuss
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Early Life Nutrition Research Unit, Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Human Development, Academic Child Health
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Early Life Nutrition Research Unit, Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Human Development, Academic Child Health
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accompanied by adaptations in its inflammatory and related responses ( Sharkey et al . 2009 b ). We hypothesised that gene expression of key regulators of adipose tissue function and composition would be increased in firstborn offspring during early postnatal
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mechanisms allowing organisms to predict key environmental changes. Mammals exhibit a remarkably wide spectrum of seasonal physiological adaptations, which includes annual cycles of growth, metabolism, thermogenesis, fattening and weight loss, hibernation
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3 concentration in HSpp animals is associated by reduction of the stress defense enzymes TST, PRDX3, PRDX6, ETHE1 and also CAT, strongly suggesting the involvement of T 3 - and THRA-mediated signaling in this adaptation process. Downregulation of
Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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, rendering the short-loop negative feedback system functionally inactive ( Grattan & Averill 1995 , Fliestra & Voogt 1997 ). This adaptation persists into lactation, and dopamine secretion remains low throughout this period of elevated prolactin secretion
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, which exhibit insufficient beta-cell adaptation under metabolic stress ( Akhaphong et al. 2021 a ). mTOR signaling is important for not only placental development but also for maintenance of beta-cell mass and function in the pancreas. Alterations to
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HF, enhanced levels of catecholamines resulting from activation of the sympathetic nervous system ensure an increase in cardiac function, to achieve an adaptation of the cardiac output to the systemic needs. However, long-term stimulation of
