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Taira Wada Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan

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Yukiko Yamamoto Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan

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Yukiko Takasugi Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan

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Hirotake Ishii Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan

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Taketo Uchiyama Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan

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Kaori Saitoh Department of Psychiatry, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Masahiro Suzuki Department of Psychiatry, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Makoto Uchiyama Department of Psychiatry, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Tokyo Adachi Hospital, Adachi, Tokyo, Japan

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Hikari Yoshitane Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Yoshitaka Fukada Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Shigeki Shimba Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan

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rhythms ( Kohsaka et al. 2007 ). The levels of several hormones and cytokines show a circadian rhythm ( Andrews & Folk 1964 , Barter et al. 1971 , Vaughan et al. 1976 , Kaneko et al. 1980 , Arvidson et al. 1994 , Sinha et al. 1996

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Sebastian R Vanin Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Kendrick Lee Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Mina Nashed Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Brennan Tse Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Lawson Health Research Institute and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Mohammed Sarikahya Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Sukham Brar Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Lawson Health Research Institute and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Gregg Tomy Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

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Amica-Mariae Lucas Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

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Thane Tomy Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

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Steven R Laviolette Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Edith J Arany Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Lawson Health Research Institute and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Daniel B Hardy Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
The Lawson Health Research Institute and the Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada

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terms are shown at maximum. Each bubble is the -log 10 ( P -value) for the respective term and is sized according to the gene ratio. Across the GO:BP, GO:CC, and KEGG enriched terms, we observed common terms related to circadian rhythm

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J Fahrenkrug Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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B Georg Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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J Hannibal Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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H L Jørgensen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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thyroid hormones compared to control rats, and based on the mean concentrations, it amounted to 7.7-fold for T4, 23-fold for free T4 and two-fold for T3, respectively ( Fig. 4D, E and F ). Furthermore, daily circadian rhythms in the thyroid hormones

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Shona Wood Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

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Andrew Loudon Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

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cones ( Lucas & Foster 1999 ), indicating a role for the non-image-forming photoreceptor OPN4 in melatonin inhibition by light and circadian rhythms. The OPN4 photoreceptor is involved in both circadian re-setting mechanisms and pupillary light

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Ryun S Ahn
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Jee H Choi Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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Bum C Choi Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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Jung H Kim Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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Sung H Lee Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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Simon S Sung Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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preoptic area (POA; de la Iglesia et al . 1995 ). Transmission of the time-of-day signal from the SCN to CRH- and GnRH-synthesizing neurons is thought to be involved in the entrainment of the circadian rhythm governing the activities of the HPA and HPO

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Dawn E W Livingstone Endocrinology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University and British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Emma M Di Rollo Endocrinology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University and British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Chenjing Yang Endocrinology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University and British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Lucy E Codrington Endocrinology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University and British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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John A Mathews Endocrinology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University and British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Madina Kara Endocrinology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University and British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Katherine A Hughes Endocrinology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University and British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Christopher J Kenyon Endocrinology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University and British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Brian R Walker Endocrinology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University and British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Ruth Andrew Endocrinology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University and British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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. Holmes MC French KL Seckl JR 1995 Modulation of serotonin and corticosteroid receptor gene expression in the rat hippocampus with circadian rhythm and stress . Molecular Brain Research 28 186 – 192 . ( doi:10.1016/0169-328X(94)00207-U

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Dawn E W Livingstone Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Sarah L Grassick Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Gillian L Currie Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Brian R Walker Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Ruth Andrew Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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serotonin and corticosteroid receptor gene expression in the rat hippocampus with circadian rhythm and stress . Molecular Brain Research 28 186 – 192 . Horton R Pasupuletti V Antonipillai I 1993 Androgen induction of steroid 5α-reductase may

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T’ng Choong Kwok University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Roland H Stimson University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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, revealing key species-specific differences that emphasize the importance of studying BAT in humans ( Broeders et al. 2015 , Ramage et al. 2016 , Blondin et al. 2020 ). In addition, human brown adipocytes have been used to reveal the circadian rhythm

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Christina Antza Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Georgios Kostopoulos Department of Endocrinology, 424 General Military Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Samiul Mostafa Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Krishnarajah Nirantharakumar Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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Abd Tahrani Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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. ( https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-3911 ) 25658017 Rao R Somvanshi P Klerman EB Marmar C Doyle 3rd FJ 2021 Modeling the influence of chronic sleep restriction on cortisol circadian rhythms, with implications for metabolic disorders

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R Prasad Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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J C Kowalczyk Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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E Meimaridou Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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H L Storr Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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L A Metherell Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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erythrocytes correlates well with the characterised rhythmicity of DHEAS and cortisol ( Goncharova et al . 2008 b ). Additionally, a similar age-related flattening of these SOD circadian rhythms has been observed, indicating a possible regulatory effect of

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