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Vicki Chen Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

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Gia V Shelp Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

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Jacob L Schwartz Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

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Niklas D J Aardema Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States

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Madison L Bunnell Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States

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Clara E Cho Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

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system in feeding behaviors. At 6 weeks post-weaning, male and female offspring received i.p. injections of either mCPP (2.5 mg/kg) or 0.9% saline following a 12-h overnight fast. After the injections, food intake was measured for 1 h. The injections were

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F Wahab Stem Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany

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M Shahab Stem Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany

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R Behr Stem Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany

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). Recently, GnIH receptor (GnIHR) antagonist, RF9, injection has markedly reversed fasting-induced quiescent of the reproductive axis in the male adult rhesus monkey ( Batool et al . 2014 ). In contrast, an anorexigenic effect of KP has been noted ( Stengel

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Elisa Villalobos University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Allende Miguelez-Crespo University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Ruth A Morgan University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Scotland’s Rural College, The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, United Kingdom

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Lisa Ivatt University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Mhairi Paul University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Joanna P Simpson University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Natalie Z M Homer University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Dominic Kurian The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Judit Aguilar The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Rachel A Kline The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Thomas M Wishart The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Nicholas M Morton University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Centre for Systems Health and Integrated Metabolic Research, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom

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Roland H Stimson University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Ruth Andrew University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Brian R Walker University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Mark Nixon University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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, Scott et al. 2014 ). We have also recently shown that mice with deficiency of carbonyl reductase 1 ( Cbr1 ), a further glucocorticoid regulator in adipose tissue, display lower levels of fasting glucose and improved glucose tolerance ( Bell et al

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Corinne Caillaud Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Mie Mechta Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Heidi Ainge Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Andreas N Madsen Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Patricia Ruell Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Emilie Mas Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Catherine Bisbal Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Jacques Mercier Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Stephen Twigg Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Trevor A Mori Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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David Simar Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Romain Barrès Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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). Results of other clinical studies of ESRD patients indicated that EPO treatment could improve fasting plasma insulin level ( Tuzcu et al . 2004 , Khedr et al . 2009 ) and control blood glucose ( Spaia et al . 2000 , Khedr et al . 2009 ). The results

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David M Cartwright Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Lucy A Oakey Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Rachel S Fletcher Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Craig L Doig Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

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Silke Heising Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Dean P Larner Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Daniela Nasteska Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Caitlin E Berry Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Sam R Heaselgrave Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Christian Ludwig Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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David J Hodson Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Gareth G Lavery Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Antje Garten Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Pediatric Research Center, Hospital for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany

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following a 5 h fast starting at ~08:00 h. Blood glucose was monitored using the Contour XT glucometer (Bayer) from samples collected at the distal tail vein. Following an initial blood glucose measurement, glucose (2 g/kg body weight) was injected

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Maayan Vatarescu The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Sapir Bechor The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Yulia Haim The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Tal Pecht The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Tanya Tarnovscki The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Noa Slutsky The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Ori Nov The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Hagit Shapiro The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Avishai Shemesh The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Angel Porgador The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Nava Bashan The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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Assaf Rudich The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel

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weighed weekly at the same hour. For insulin signaling, in vivo insulin was injected after overnight fast 12 min before the mice were killed with CO 2 or isoflurane. Tissue lysates were prepared in RIPA lysis buffer from 15 mg liver or 100 mg epididymal

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Saeed Alshahrani Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, 216 HSB, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA

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Mohammed Mashari Almutairi Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, 216 HSB, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA

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Shams Kursan Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, 216 HSB, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA

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Eduardo Dias-Junior Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, 216 HSB, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA

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Mohamed Mahmoud Almiahuob Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, 216 HSB, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA

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Lydia Aguilar-Bryan Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, 216 HSB, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA

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Mauricio Di Fulvio Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, 216 HSB, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA

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-accumulate the anion 5 min in ISO with or without BTD. Insulin determination Insulin concentration in plasma or cell/islet media was determined by using a mouse ultrasensitive immunoassay (Alpco, Salem, NH, USA). Blood samples were obtained from 12 h fasted mice

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Yanli Miao Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Haojie Qin Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Yi Zhong Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Kai Huang Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Caijun Rao Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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.03.001 ) Li G Xie C Lu S Nichols RG Tian Y Li L Patel D Ma Y Brocker CN Yan T et al . 2017 Intermittent fasting promotes white adipose browning and decreases obesity by shaping the gut microbiota . Cell Metabolism 26 672 .e674

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Esther Nuñez-Durán Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Belén Chanclón Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Silva Sütt Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Joana Real Department of Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Hanns-Ulrich Marschall Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Ingrid Wernstedt Asterholm Department of Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Emmelie Cansby Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Margit Mahlapuu Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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full pancreatic sections stained with Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) kit (Sigma-Aldrich). Sections were also stained with Picrosirius Red (Histolab Products) and counterstained with Fast Green (Sigma-Aldrich). Apoptotic cells were detected by TUNEL assay

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Antonio Gázquez Department of Physiology, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain

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Francisca Rodríguez Department of Physiology, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain

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María Sánchez-Campillo Department of Physiology, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain

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Lidia E Martínez-Gascón Department of Clinical Analysis, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, Santa Lucia General University Hospital, Murcia, Spain

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Marino B Arnao Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain

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Pedro Saura-Garre Department of Clinical Psychology, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain

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María D Albaladejo-Otón Department of Clinical Analysis, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, Santa Lucia General University Hospital, Murcia, Spain

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Elvira Larqué Department of Physiology, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain

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( Fasshauer et al. 2014 ). Moreover, hypoadiponectinemia in pregnancy is a predictor of postpartum insulin resistance, beta-cell dysfunction, and elevated fasting glycaemia and may play a role in the subsequent development of type 2 diabetes ( Retnakaran et

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