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over a decade prior to another closely related, but now more widely renowned gut-derived hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) ( Müller et al. 2019 ). Like GLP-1, GIP is released into the circulation in response to ingestion of macronutrients, it
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insulin. Recent work on understanding the physiological function of proglucagon-derived peptides has renewed interest in glucagon-based therapeutics. One of these peptides is glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1), which is secreted from the L cells of the
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Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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administration ( McIntyre et al. 1965 ). The incretin hormones, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) potentiate meal-stimulated insulin secretion through direct and indirect actions on islet β-cells. The first
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
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German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
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German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
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German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
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). For example, following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, gastric banding or sleeve gastronomy, there is an increase in the secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) ( Laferrere 2016 , Meek et al. 2016 , Clemmensen et al. 2017 ), which is known not
Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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secretion, appetite regulation and gut motility) ( Gibbs et al. 1997 , Suzuki et al. 2010 ). However, of all the potential endocrine factors that could contribute to maternal metabolic adaptations to pregnancy, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is
Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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OVX ewes ( Iqbal et al. 2006 ). Another circulating appetite-regulating peptide is glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) encoded by the preproglucagon gene ( GCG ) ( Huda et al. 2006 , Sandoval & D'Alessio 2015 , Sekar 2017 ). GLP-1 is an anorexigen
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transcribed from the proglucagon gene is processed by the enzyme prohormone convertase 1 and 2 to give glucagon and related peptides including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and oxyntomodulin ( Müller et al. 2017 ). Glucagon regulates glucose, protein and
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Introduction Oral ingestion of nutrients triggers the secretion of gut hormones from various enteroendocrine cells ( Ezcurra et al . 2013 , Cho et al . 2014 ). Among these, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic
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attractive pharmacotherapy agent for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and potentially inducing weight loss in obese patients, like glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists ( Finan et al. 2016 , Samms et al. 2020 ). In addition, GIPR
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Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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tissue and appetite regulation. 5-HT, serotonin; CCK, cholecystokinin; GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; INSL5, insulin-like peptide 5; PYY, peptide YY; OXM, oxyntomodulin; BAT, brown adipose tissue; WAT, white
