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Departments of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
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Departments of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
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Introduction Glucocorticoids are frequently used for the treatment of noninfectious and autoimmune inflammation as, amongst other mechanisms, they can suppress lymphocytes ( Chantler et al . 2003 , Busillo & Cidlowski 2013 ). Prolonged use of
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Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, UK
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Clinical & Translational Research Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Mass Spectrometry Core Laboratory, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Introduction 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11βHSD1) generates active 11-hydroxy glucocorticoids (cortisol (human), corticosterone (rodent and human)) from intrinsically inert 11-keto steroids (cortisone, 11-dehydrocorticosterone (11DHC
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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types 1 and 2 being best characterised ( Godoy et al. 2011 ). The 5α-dihydro metabolite (DHT) is a more potent androgen than testosterone. The 3α,5α-metabolites of glucocorticoids retain some anti-inflammatory properties of the original steroid
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Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea
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Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea
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Introduction Glucocorticoids have diverse and tissue-specific effects on cellular metabolism. During metabolic stress, such as starvation, glucocorticoids promote degradation and suppress synthesis of muscle proteins in the skeletal muscle, thereby
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Introduction The endogenous glucocorticoid (GC) concentrations are determined by the activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, with tissue and intracellular exposure further augmented through the activity of the enzyme 11β
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Introduction Glucocorticoids exert anti-inflammatory effects both in vivo and in vitro . Whilst the potent effects of synthetic glucocorticoids have been widely exploited clinically to treat inflammatory disease, including rheumatoid
Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular
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Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular
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Introduction Glucocorticoid hormones exert a wide diversity of effects in target tissues. Their activity has been typically explored using a limited number of timed end points, both in vivo and in vitro , and using such approaches a variety of
The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK
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The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK
Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, International Campus, Haining, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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( Pariante & Lightman 2008 ). The HPA axis is the primary neuroendocrine stress response system. It is activated following perturbations to normal homeostasis, resulting in increased secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland, which mobilises energy
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Introduction Glucocorticoids (Gc) are potent anti-inflammatory agents and are widely prescribed for the treatment of a range of inflammatory and immune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and asthma ( McMaster & Ray 2007 , Barnes & Adcock 2009
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Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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Introduction Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones that are released in response to stress and play a crucial role in inflammation and in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. Within key metabolic target tissues, notably the liver