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The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK
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The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK
Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, International Campus, Haining, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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( Pariante & Lightman 2008 ). The HPA axis is the primary neuroendocrine stress response system. It is activated following perturbations to normal homeostasis, resulting in increased secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland, which mobilises energy
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Introduction Glucocorticoids (GCs) have profound influences on many physiological functions, including growth, metabolism, development, behaviors and stress reactions ( Blodgett et al. 1956 , Munck et al. 1984 , Haskett 1985 ). They also
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publications have highlighted the developmental aspects of altered embryonic glucocorticoid exposure in zebrafish ( Hillegass et al . 2008 , Pikulkaew et al . 2011 , De Marco et al . 2013 , Nesan & Vijayan 2013 , 2016 , Faught et al . 2016 ), few
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Introduction Activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is a vital component of the stress response, driving production of glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol in humans, corticosterone in rodents) that mediate essential adaptations of
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) contributes to intracellular glucocorticoid action by catalysing the conversion of inactive to active forms of the principal glucocorticoids found in humans (cortisone to cortisol) and mice (11-dehydrocorticosterone to corticosterone). Whilst widely
Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Scotland’s Rural College, The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, United Kingdom
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Centre for Systems Health and Integrated Metabolic Research, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Introduction Glucocorticoids are required to maintain glucose and lipid homeostasis in times of physiological stress, ensuring an adequate fuel supply for the body ( Kuo et al. 2015 ). In key metabolic tissues such as adipose tissue
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Centre for Systems Health and Integrated Metabolic Research, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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) ( Bravenboer et al. 2020 , Cawthorn 2020 ). Bone marrow adipocytes further accumulate in diverse conditions, including ageing, obesity, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, chronic kidney disease, and in iatrogenic contexts such as chronic glucocorticoid treatment
Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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NEXUS, Discovery Way, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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improve healthspan. Interestingly, the aged phenotype shares several metabolic similarities with that of circulatory glucocorticoid (GC) excess (Cushing’s syndrome), including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, central obesity, hypertension
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aldosterone, which is bound primarily by albumin, other steroid hormones bind to CBG and SHBG with high (nM) affinity and specificity, with SHBG binding the major androgens and estrogens, and CBG binding the glucocorticoids and progesterone, preferentially
Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular
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Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular
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Introduction Glucocorticoid hormones exert a wide diversity of effects in target tissues. Their activity has been typically explored using a limited number of timed end points, both in vivo and in vitro , and using such approaches a variety of