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Tina Seidu Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA

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Patrick McWhorter Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio, USA

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Jessie Myer Department of Biology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA

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Rabita Alamgir Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA

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Nicole Eregha Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA

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Dilip Bogle Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA

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Taylor Lofton Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA

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Carolyn Ecelbarger Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA

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Stanley Andrisse Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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FFA uptake, de novo lipogenesis (DNL), and/or reduced lipid removal. ( Dowman et al. 2010 , Pettinelli et al. 2011 , Berlanga et al. 2014 ). The development of hepatic steatosis in PCOS is unique due to the influence of HA and is multi

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Bettina Geidl-Flueck Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), Switzerland

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Philipp A Gerber Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), Switzerland

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hypothesized that an increased de novo lipogenesis after fructose intake in parallel with a decreased fatty acid oxidation leads to hepatic fat deposition. ACC, acetyl-CoA-carboxylase; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CPT1a, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A; FA

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Hyo Youl Moon
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Parkyong Song BioSignal Network Laboratory, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, School of Nano-Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Engineering Building 104, 689-805 Ulsan, Republic of Korea

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Cheol Soo Choi BioSignal Network Laboratory, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, School of Nano-Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Engineering Building 104, 689-805 Ulsan, Republic of Korea

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Sung Ho Ryu BioSignal Network Laboratory, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, School of Nano-Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Engineering Building 104, 689-805 Ulsan, Republic of Korea

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Pann-Ghill Suh
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suggested to be critical features ( Browning & Horton 2004 ). Indeed, in HFD-induced hepatic steatosis, both elevated hepatic lipogenesis and impaired lipid oxidation contribute to hepatic TG accumulation ( Postic & Girard 2008 ). Hepatic lipid homeostasis

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Gencer Sancar German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Andreas L Birkenfeld German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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novo lipogenesis. Moreover, enhanced lipolysis and decreased lipid storage capacity of the dysfunctional adipose tissue provide FFAs and glycerol that increase re-esterification of TAG, exacerbating hepatosteatosis and liver insulin resistance. DAG

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T V Novoselova Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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R Larder University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Disease Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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D Rimmington University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Disease Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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C Lelliott Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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E H Wynn Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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R J Gorrigan Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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P H Tate Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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L Guasti Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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The Sanger Mouse Genetics Project Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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S O’Rahilly University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Disease Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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A J L Clark Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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D W Logan Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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A P Coll University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Disease Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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L F Chan Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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state of enzymes involved in lipogenesis and fatty acid synthesis as well as phosphorylation of the rate-limiting enzyme for lipolysis of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL). Phosphorylation of ATP-citrate lyase (ACL), an enzyme responsible for the synthesis

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Yanli Miao Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Haojie Qin Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Yi Zhong Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Kai Huang Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Caijun Rao Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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) Relative mRNA expression of lipogenesis-related genes in mice scWAT ( n  = 4–8). (B and C) Lipogenesis was rescued by oltipraz treatment in Ad-Asprosin cells ( n  = 3). (B) Western blot analysis of ACC1 and FASN in the scWAT of experimental mice ( n  = 5

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Xuefeng Yang Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA
Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA

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Shuang Mei Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA

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Haihua Gu Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA

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Huailan Guo Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA
Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA

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Longying Zha Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA
Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA

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Junwei Cai Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA
Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA

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Xuefeng Li Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA

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Zhenqi Liu Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA

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Wenhong Cao Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA
Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA
Department of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Preventive Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Department of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute (NRI) at Kannapolis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27559, USA

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. Table 2 The mRNA levels of genes involved in lipogenesis and fat oxidation. Results represent mean± s.d. of six to eight mice Glargine vs control (fold) Liver P value Muscle P value Cpt1 α (Cpt1 β ) ( Chpt1 ) 0.824±0.581 0.580 1.131±0.893 0

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Ashley Patton Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Tyler Church Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Caroline Wilson Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Jean Thuma Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Douglas J Goetz Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Darlene E Berryman Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Edward O List Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Frank Schwartz Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Kelly D McCall Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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lipogenesis and TG accumulation ( Feingold & Grunfeld 1987 , Grunfeld et al . 1988 , 1991 , Feingold et al . 1990 , 1992 ). Exogenous Tnfa in mice and rats has caused increased TG production and storage in the liver ( Feingold & Grunfeld 1987

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I J Bujalska
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L L Gathercole
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J W Tomlinson
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C Darimont Division of Medical Sciences, Nestle Research Center, Pfizer Global Research and Development, The Medical School, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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J Ermolieff Division of Medical Sciences, Nestle Research Center, Pfizer Global Research and Development, The Medical School, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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A N Fanjul Division of Medical Sciences, Nestle Research Center, Pfizer Global Research and Development, The Medical School, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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P A Rejto Division of Medical Sciences, Nestle Research Center, Pfizer Global Research and Development, The Medical School, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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P M Stewart
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was assessed. Measuring lipid content in human subcutaneous s–v cells Lipogenesis in human subcutaneous s–v cells was measured as triglyceride accumulation. Cells were carefully washed with PBS and lysed in situ by adding 50 μl/well of Hecameg (10

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Nikolaos Nikolaou Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Anastasia Arvaniti Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK

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Nathan Appanna Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Anna Sharp Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Beverly A Hughes Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK

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Dena Digweed Diurnal Ltd, Cardiff, UK

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Martin J Whitaker Diurnal Ltd, Cardiff, UK

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Richard Ross Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

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Wiebke Arlt Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Trevor M Penning Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Karen Morris Biochemistry Department, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester, UK

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Sherly George Biochemistry Department, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester, UK

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Brian G Keevil Biochemistry Department, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester, UK

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Leanne Hodson Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Laura L Gathercole Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK

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Jeremy W Tomlinson Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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decrease in expression with advancing severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ( Valanejad et al. 2018 , Nikolaou et al. 2019 b ). In this context, AKR1D1 knockdown increased the expression of key enzymes involved in lipogenesis as

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