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Md Nurul Islam Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan

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Yuichiro Mita Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
Systems Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan

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Keisuke Maruyama Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan

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Ryota Tanida Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
Department of Sports and Fitness, Faculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, Aichi, Japan

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Weidong Zhang Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan

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Hideyuki Sakoda Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan

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Masamitsu Nakazato Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
CREST (Japan) Agency for Medical Research and Development (A-MED) 1-7-1 Otemachi, Tokyo, Japan

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ghrelin was introduced through the inferior vena cava. Two hours after ghrelin administration, plasma and tissue samples were collected for LEAP2 analysis. 38-week-old GHSR-null mice ( Zigman et al. 2005 ) which harbor a loxP-flanked transcriptional

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Gulizar Issa Ameen Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

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Silvia Mora Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

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(catalogue number A2066, 1:2000) antibodies were from Sigma-Aldrich, and anti-GLUT4 antibody was a gift from Dr Jeffrey Pessin (Albert Einstein, NY, USA). Animals, genotyping and diet intervention c-Cbl-null mice on C57BL6/J background were obtained

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Young Hoon Son Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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Seok-Jin Lee Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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Ki-Baek Lee Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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Jin-Haeng Lee Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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Eui Man Jeong Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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Sun Gun Chung Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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Sang-Chul Park Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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In-Gyu Kim Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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al . 2008 ). Conversely, Cav1 -null mice displayed skeletal muscle abnormalities due to tubular aggregate formation ( Schubert et al . 2007 ) and exercise intolerance ( Razani et al . 2001 ), demonstrating that insulin/IGF signaling depends on the

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Ryoko Yamamoto Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Oral Growth and Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan

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Tomoko Minamizaki Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Oral Growth and Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan

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Yuji Yoshiko Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Oral Growth and Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan

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Hirotaka Yoshioka Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Oral Growth and Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan

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Kazuo Tanne Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Oral Growth and Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan

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Jane E Aubin Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Oral Growth and Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan

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Norihiko Maeda Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Oral Growth and Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan

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and Dmp1 -null mice. However, the increased PHEX mRNA levels, but not DMP1 mRNA levels, induced by βGP were completely abolished by cotreatment with 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 in our model, which are effects that will require further assessment. In this

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K E Lines Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK

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P J Newey Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK

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C J Yates Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK

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M Stevenson Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK

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R Dyar Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK

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G V Walls Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK

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M R Bowl Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK

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R V Thakker Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK

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activity of ARS2, leading to dysregulation of miR-15a-miR-16-1 miRNA processing. However, in the tumours from menin null mice we observed a significant decrease in both miR-15a and miR-16-1, expression ( Fig. 1 ); but, in the in vitro menin knockdown

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Alvaro Souto Padron Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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Ruy Andrade Louzada Neto Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil
Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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Thiago Urgal Pantaleão Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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Maria Carolina de Souza dos Santos Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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Renata Lopes Araujo Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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Bruno Moulin de Andrade Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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Monique da Silva Leandro Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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João Pedro Saar Werneck de Castro Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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Andrea Claudia Freitas Ferreira Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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Denise Pires de Carvalho Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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hepatic and renal D1 is severely weakened in Thrb 1 ( Thrb )-null mice but is normal in Thra 1 ( Thra )-null mice ( Koenig 2005 ). Thus, 3,5-T2 might activate TRβ, leading to increased D1 activity in the liver and kidney once type 1 deiodinase is

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David E Maridas Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA

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Victoria E DeMambro Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA

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Phuong T Le Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA

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Kenichi Nagano Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Roland Baron Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Subburaman Mohan VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA

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Clifford J Rosen Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA

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by loss of Igfbp4 persists in adult female and male mice. However, the skeletal phenotype of Igfbp4 -null mice was gender specific and point to a potential role for this binding protein in skeletal growth and maintenance that is both cell

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David M Golding School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Daniel J Rees Institute of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK

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Jennifer R Davies Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Dinko Relkovic Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Hannah V Furby Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Irina A Guschina School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Anna L Hopkins School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Jeffrey S Davies Institute of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK

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James L Resnick Center for Mammalian Genetics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA

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Anthony R Isles Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Timothy Wells School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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accompanied by an increase in NPY mRNA expression (unpublished data), the hypothalamic mechanisms underlying proportionate hyperphagia remain to be elucidated. That said, as Magel2 -null mice show hypophagia ( Bischof et al . 2007 ), whereas specific

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R Dobie
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V E MacRae
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C Huesa
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R van't Hof Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK

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S F Ahmed Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK

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C Farquharson
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or independent) anabolic effects of GH on growth and the skeleton. In addition to their normal serum GH and IGF1 concentrations, Socs2 −/− mice also have normal carbohydrate metabolism ( cf Alsko , Bp3ko , Lid and Igf1 -null mice) ( Rico

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Kunihisa Hamano Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Department of General Medicine, Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Department of General Medicine, Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan

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Yuko Nakagawa Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Department of General Medicine, Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan

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Yoshiaki Ohtsu Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Department of General Medicine, Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan

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Longfei Li Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Department of General Medicine, Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan

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Johan Medina Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Department of General Medicine, Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan

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Yuji Tanaka Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Department of General Medicine, Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan

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Katsuyoshi Masuda Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Department of General Medicine, Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan

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Mitsuhisa Komatsu Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Department of General Medicine, Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan

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Itaru Kojima Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Department of General Medicine, Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan

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. Statistical analysis was performed by using Student's t -test. C57BL/6J (B6) and T1R3-null mice were obtained from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME, USA). Mouse pancreatic islets were isolated by using collagenase ( Gotoh et al . 1985 ). Isolated

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