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A Tsuchiya Division of Bioinformation, Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan

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T Kanno Division of Bioinformation, Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan

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T Nishizaki Division of Bioinformation, Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan

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Introduction Akt is a serine/threonine protein kinase bearing multiple cellular processes such as glucose metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation, transcription, and cell migration. Akt includes three closely related isoforms Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3

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Manon M Roustit
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Joan M Vaughan Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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Pauline M Jamieson Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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Mark E Cleasby
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/2, AKT and PKCε activation ( Brar et al . 2002 , 2004 , Lawrence et al . 2005 ). UCN2 and CRFR2 are both expressed in mouse skeletal muscle ( Chen et al . 2004 , Keipert et al . 2013 ), where they inhibit atrophy and promote hypertrophy ( Hinkle

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Corinne Caillaud Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Mie Mechta Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Heidi Ainge Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Andreas N Madsen Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Patricia Ruell Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Emilie Mas Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Catherine Bisbal Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Jacques Mercier Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Stephen Twigg Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Trevor A Mori Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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David Simar Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Romain Barrès Exercise Health and Performance, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UMR CNRS 9214, Physiology Department, Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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), SPA-810, 1/2000, Victoria, BC, Canada) or Cell Signaling (AKT (9272), P-AKT (Ser473) (9271), Danvers, MA, USA), and secondary antibodies were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (sheep anti-mouse, A5906) or Cell Signaling (goat anti-rabbit, 7074). Serum

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M E Cleasby Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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Q Lau Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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E Polkinghorne Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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S A Patel Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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S J Leslie Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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N Turner Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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G J Cooney Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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A Xu Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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E W Kraegen Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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act as a dynamic scaffold for endosomal signalling proteins ( Miaczynska et al . 2004 , Chial et al . 2008 ) and was first identified as an interacting partner for the serine/threonine kinase AKT2 ( Mitsuuchi et al . 1999 ). AKT2 is required for

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Lei Zhang School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK

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Carol Paddon School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK

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Mark D Lewis School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK

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Fiona Grennan-Jones School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK

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Marian Ludgate School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK

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Signalling Technology unless otherwise stated): anti phospho-CREB (Ser 133, 1:2000 overnight; 4 °C); anti total-CREB (1:1000, room temperature, 1 h; Santa CruzBiotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA); anti phospho-Akt (Thr 308, 1:1000, 4 °C, overnight); anti total-Akt

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Thomas Nicholson Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Chris Church MedImmune, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease (CVMD), Milstein Building, Cambridge, UK

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Kostas Tsintzas MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Robert Jones MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Leigh Breen Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Edward T Davis The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Northfield, Birmingham, UK

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David J Baker MedImmune, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease (CVMD), Milstein Building, Cambridge, UK

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Simon W Jones Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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(1:100 dilution, Sigma-Aldrich). Insulin receptor, IGF1 receptor and AKT (thr308) phosphorylation, as a percentage of total protein, was determined using MesoScale Discovery phospho and total protein assays, performed according to the manufacturer

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Mark E Cleasby Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK

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Pauline M Jamieson Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Philip J Atherton Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK

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expression or activity. Broken arrow: indirect effect. P indicates phosphorylation. ACT2BR, activin 2B receptor; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; AS160, Akt substrate of 160 kDa; CRFR2, corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor 2; FOXO, forkhead

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Amanda E Garza Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Elijah Trefts Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Isis A Katayama Rangel Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Danielle Brooks Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Rene Baudrand Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica De Chile, Santiago, Chile

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Burhanuddin Moize Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Jose R Romero Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Sanjay Ranjit Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Thitinan Treesaranuwattana Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Tham M Yao Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Gail K Adler Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Luminita H Pojoga Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Gordon H Williams Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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, magnification 600×. Data presented as mean ±  s.e.m. , n  = 6–8 mice/group. (D) pAkt/Akt renal cortex protein analysis by western immunoblot. Data presented as mean ±  s.e.m. , n  = 6–8 mice/group. Statistical analysis, * =  P  < 0.05, ** =  P  < 0

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Nami Kim Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea

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Jung Ok Lee Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea

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Hye Jeong Lee Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea

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Yong Woo Lee Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea

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Hyung Ip Kim Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea

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Su Jin Kim Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea

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Sun Hwa Park Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea

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Chul Su Lee Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea

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Sun Woo Ryoo Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea

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Geum-Sook Hwang Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea

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Hyeon Soo Kim Department of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Life Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, South Korea

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Isoeugenol exerts various beneficial effects on human health. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly understood. In this study, we observed that isoeugenol activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and increased glucose uptake in rat L6 myotubes. Isoeugenol-induced increase in intracellular calcium concentration and glucose uptake was inhibited by STO-609, an inhibitor of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK). Isoeugenol also increased the phosphorylation of protein kinase C-α (PKCα). Chelation of calcium with BAPTA-AM blocked isoeugenol-induced AMPK phosphorylation and glucose uptake. Isoeugenol stimulated p38MAPK phosphorylation that was inhibited after pretreatment with compound C, an AMPK inhibitor. Isoeugenol also increased glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) expression and its translocation to the plasma membrane. GLUT4 translocation was not observed after the inhibition of AMPK and CaMKK. In addition, isoeugenol activated the Akt substrate 160 (AS160) pathway, which is downstream of the p38MAPK pathway. Knockdown of the gene encoding AS160 inhibited isoeugenol-induced glucose uptake. Together, these results indicate that isoeugenol exerts beneficial health effects by activating the AMPK/p38MAPK/AS160 pathways in skeletal muscle.

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Sandra Pereira Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto General Research Institute and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University Health Network, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, Faculty of Health, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8

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Wen Qin Yu Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto General Research Institute and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University Health Network, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, Faculty of Health, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8

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María E Frigolet Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto General Research Institute and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University Health Network, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, Faculty of Health, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto General Research Institute and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University Health Network, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, Faculty of Health, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8

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Jacqueline L Beaudry Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto General Research Institute and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University Health Network, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, Faculty of Health, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8

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Yaniv Shpilberg Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto General Research Institute and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University Health Network, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, Faculty of Health, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8

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Edward Park Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto General Research Institute and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University Health Network, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, Faculty of Health, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8

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Cristina Dirlea Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto General Research Institute and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University Health Network, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, Faculty of Health, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8

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B L Grégoire Nyomba Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto General Research Institute and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University Health Network, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, Faculty of Health, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8

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Michael C Riddell Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto General Research Institute and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University Health Network, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, Faculty of Health, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8

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I George Fantus Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto General Research Institute and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University Health Network, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, Faculty of Health, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto General Research Institute and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University Health Network, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, Faculty of Health, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto General Research Institute and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University Health Network, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, Faculty of Health, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8

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Adria Giacca Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto General Research Institute and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University Health Network, Muscle Health Research Center and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, Faculty of Health, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8

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serine 307-phosphorylated IRS-1 (Millipore, Temecula, CA, USA), rabbit polyclonal anti-IRS-1 antibody (Millipore), rabbit polyclonal antibody against serine 473-phosphorylated Akt (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), rabbit polyclonal anti-Akt

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