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Andrea Lovdel University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Karla J Suchacki University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Fiona Roberts University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Richard J Sulston University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Robert J Wallace Department of Orthopaedics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Benjamin J Thomas University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Rachel M B Bell University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Iris Pruñonosa Cervera University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Gavin J Macpherson Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Nicholas M Morton University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
Centre for Systems Health and Integrated Metabolic Research, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

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Natalie Z M Homer University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Karen E Chapman University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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William P Cawthorn University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Introduction Bone marrow adipocytes comprise up to 70% of total bone marrow (BM) volume and over 10% of total adipose mass in healthy adult humans, collectively forming an integrated tissue referred to as bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT

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Jin-Ran Chen Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Oxana P Lazarenko Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Haijun Zhao Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Alexander W Alund Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Kartik Shankar Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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tissue and marrow phase. Cancellous bone was separated from the cortical regions by semi-automatically drawn contours. A total of 120 slices starting from about 0.1 mm distal to growth plate, constituting 0.70 mm of length, was evaluated for trabecular

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Katie J Mylonas University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Neil A Turner Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Sumia A Bageghni Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Christopher J Kenyon University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Christopher I White University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Kieran McGregor University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Robert A Kimmitt University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Richard Sulston University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Valerie Kelly University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Brian R Walker University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Karen E Porter Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Karen E Chapman University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Gillian A Gray University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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1 deficient. In ‘BMKO’ animals, WT recipients received Hsd11b1 −/− bone marrow, resulting in Hsd11b1 −/− neutrophils and WT radio-resistant host tissue. Chimeric animals were housed under pathogen-free conditions in individually ventilated cages

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Yanli Miao Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Haojie Qin Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Yi Zhong Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Kai Huang Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Caijun Rao Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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( Camilleri & Acosta 2018 ), such as reducing fat synthesis and increasing energy expenditure in key metabolic organs, such as adipose tissue. Adipose tissue can be further divided into white (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissue, which are distinct in form and

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David E Maridas Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA

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Victoria E DeMambro Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA

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Phuong T Le Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA

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Kenichi Nagano Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Roland Baron Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Subburaman Mohan VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA

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Clifford J Rosen Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA

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the report. Quantitative PCR Total RNA was isolated from cell cultures or flash frozen femurs of 16-week-old mice using TRIzol (Life Technologies) method for tissues. Bone marrow contents were not flushed out from femurs prior to RNA isolation

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Rebecca J Ainslie Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Ioannis Simitsidellis Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Phoebe M Kirkwood Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Douglas A Gibson Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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protecting the body from pathogens, while tissue-resident macrophages are key players in tissue homeostasis and the resolution of inflammation. Monocytes are continuously replenished from the bone marrow, where they are derived from haematopoietic stem cells

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Gisela Helfer School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK

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Qing-Feng Wu State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

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Introduction Adipokines, secreted by adipose tissue, are involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome ( Lehr et al . 2012 ). Chemerin, encoded by the gene retinoic acid receptor responder 2 ( Rarres2 ), also known as tazarotene

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Zhenguang Zhang University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Agnes E Coutinho University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Tak Yung Man University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Tiina M J Kipari Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK

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Patrick W F Hadoke University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Donald M Salter Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK

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Jonathan R Seckl University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Karen E Chapman University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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( Small et al . 2005 , McSweeney et al . 2010 , Michailidou et al . 2012 ). Global 11β-HSD1 deficiency is also pro-angiogenic in other contexts: in the sponge implantation assay ( Small et al . 2005 ); in adipose tissue of obese mice where it is

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David M Golding School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Daniel J Rees Institute of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK

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Jennifer R Davies Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Dinko Relkovic Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Hannah V Furby Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Irina A Guschina School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Anna L Hopkins School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Jeffrey S Davies Institute of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK

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James L Resnick Center for Mammalian Genetics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA

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Anthony R Isles Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Timothy Wells School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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cervical dislocation. Inguinal, retroperitoneal and epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) and interscapular brown adipose tissue (isBAT) fat depots and liver were excised, weighed, snap frozen and stored at −70°C for subsequent histological analysis (see

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Kristen R Lednovich Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Sophie Gough Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Medha Priyadarshini Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Nupur Pandya Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Chioma Nnyamah Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Kai Xu Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Barton Wicksteed Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Sidharth Mishra USF Center for Microbiome Research, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA

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Shalini Jain USF Center for Microbiome Research, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA

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Joseph L Zapater Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Jose Cordoba-Chacon Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Hariom Yadav USF Center for Microbiome Research, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA

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Brian T Layden Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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that SCFAs are able to carry out their physiological effects is through binding to their cognate receptors, including FFA2. FFA2 is broadly expressed in many metabolically active tissues, including the intestine, endocrine pancreas, adipose tissue and

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