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Denys deCatanzaro Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Tyler Pollock Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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evolved to promote their own reproduction by dosing females with what is arguably their most powerful hormone, E 2 . Declaration of interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the

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Shisan Xu Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Fangjing Xie Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Li Tian Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Samane Fallah Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Fatemeh Babaei Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Sinai H C Manno Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Francis A M Manno III School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Lina Zhu Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Kin Fung Wong Department of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Yimin Liang Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Rajkumar Ramalingam Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Lei Sun Department of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Xin Wang Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Robert Plumb Waters Technologies Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts, USA

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Lee Gethings Waters Technologies Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts, USA

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Yun Wah Lam Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Shuk Han Cheng Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) at City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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manifestation and recovery of CVD ( Ostadal & Ostadal 2014 , EUGenMed et al . 2015 ). In various mammalian models of cardiac defects, females consistently demonstrate a lower mortality, less severe disease phenotype and better functional recovery than their

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F Wahab Stem Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany

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M Shahab Stem Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany

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R Behr Stem Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany

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undernutrition on serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels and ovarian development in the female rat . British Journal of Nutrition 44 179 – 182 . ( doi:10.1079/BJN19800025 ) Seminara SB Kaiser UB 2005 New gatekeepers of reproduction: GPR54 and its

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Ya-Li Yang Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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Li-Rong Ren Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shenzhen Baoan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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Li-Feng Sun Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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Chen Huang Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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Tian-Xia Xiao Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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Bao-Bei Wang Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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Jie Chen Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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Brian A Zabel Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA, and Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA

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Peigen Ren Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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Jian V Zhang Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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that it could regulate glucose homeostasis in the development of obesity. It was recently reported that many chemokines play important roles in fertility and reproduction ( Hausman & Barb 2010 ). Tena-Sempere et al . (1999) found that in rat

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David O'Regan Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Christopher J Kenyon Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Jonathan R Seckl Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Megan C Holmes Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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to food (standard rat chow) and water. All experiments were performed according to the UK Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act, 1986. Prenatal treatments Virgin female rats were housed with male rats. Pregnancy was confirmed by the presence

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Romain Fontaine Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway

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Eirill Ager-Wick Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway

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Kjetil Hodne Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway

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Finn-Arne Weltzien Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway

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.ygcen.2019.113272 ) Kayo D Zempo B Tomihara S Oka Y Kanda S 2019 Gene knockout analysis reveals essentiality of estrogen receptor β1 (Esr2a) for female reproduction in medaka . Scientific Reports 9 8868 . ( https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598

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Hiroyuki Enomoto Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Kinuyo Iwata Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Keisuke Matsumoto Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Mai Otsuka Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Akio Morita Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Hitoshi Ozawa Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and approved by the Animal Care and Experimentation Committee at Nippon Medical School. Seven-week-old female Wistar-Imamichi rats (Institute for Animal Reproduction, Ibaraki, Japan) were housed in a

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Nerine T Joseph Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, MRC/UCT, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK
Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, MRC/UCT, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK

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Kevin Morgan Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, MRC/UCT, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK

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Robin Sellar Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, MRC/UCT, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK

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Derek McBride Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, MRC/UCT, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK

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Robert P Millar Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, MRC/UCT, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK
Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, MRC/UCT, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK

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Ian C Dunn Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, MRC/UCT, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK

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broiler breeder females . Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 114 267 – 276 . Chou HF Johnson AL Williams JB 1985 Luteinizing-hormone releasing activity of [Gln8]-LHRH and [His5, Trp7, Tyr8]-LHRH in the cockerel, in vivo and in vitro

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Ying Sze Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK

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Joana Fernandes The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK

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Zofia M Kołodziejczyk Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Paula J Brunton Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK
Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, International Campus, Haining, Zhejiang, P.R. China

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the ‘glucocorticoid hypothesis’. The first is attenuated maternal HPA axis responses to stress during pregnancy. Pregnant rats show significantly lower ACTH and corticosterone secretion in response to acute stressors compared with non-pregnant females

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Lianne Abrahams School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Nina M Semjonous School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Phil Guest School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Agnieszka Zielinska School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Beverly Hughes School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Gareth G Lavery School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Paul M Stewart School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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disease presentation, which manifests in children as premature pubarche or in later life in females as hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovary syndrome ( Lavery et al . 2008 a , Idkowiak et al . 2011 ). 11β-HSD1 and H6PDH KO mice have also been valuable

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