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evolved to promote their own reproduction by dosing females with what is arguably their most powerful hormone, E 2 . Declaration of interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the
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State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) at City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
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manifestation and recovery of CVD ( Ostadal & Ostadal 2014 , EUGenMed et al . 2015 ). In various mammalian models of cardiac defects, females consistently demonstrate a lower mortality, less severe disease phenotype and better functional recovery than their
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undernutrition on serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels and ovarian development in the female rat . British Journal of Nutrition 44 179 – 182 . ( doi:10.1079/BJN19800025 ) Seminara SB Kaiser UB 2005 New gatekeepers of reproduction: GPR54 and its
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University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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that it could regulate glucose homeostasis in the development of obesity. It was recently reported that many chemokines play important roles in fertility and reproduction ( Hausman & Barb 2010 ). Tena-Sempere et al . (1999) found that in rat
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to food (standard rat chow) and water. All experiments were performed according to the UK Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act, 1986. Prenatal treatments Virgin female rats were housed with male rats. Pregnancy was confirmed by the presence
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.ygcen.2019.113272 ) Kayo D Zempo B Tomihara S Oka Y Kanda S 2019 Gene knockout analysis reveals essentiality of estrogen receptor β1 (Esr2a) for female reproduction in medaka . Scientific Reports 9 8868 . ( https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598
Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and approved by the Animal Care and Experimentation Committee at Nippon Medical School. Seven-week-old female Wistar-Imamichi rats (Institute for Animal Reproduction, Ibaraki, Japan) were housed in a
Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, MRC/UCT, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK
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Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, MRC/UCT, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK
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broiler breeder females . Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 114 267 – 276 . Chou HF Johnson AL Williams JB 1985 Luteinizing-hormone releasing activity of [Gln8]-LHRH and [His5, Trp7, Tyr8]-LHRH in the cockerel, in vivo and in vitro
The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK
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The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK
Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, International Campus, Haining, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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the ‘glucocorticoid hypothesis’. The first is attenuated maternal HPA axis responses to stress during pregnancy. Pregnant rats show significantly lower ACTH and corticosterone secretion in response to acute stressors compared with non-pregnant females
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disease presentation, which manifests in children as premature pubarche or in later life in females as hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovary syndrome ( Lavery et al . 2008 a , Idkowiak et al . 2011 ). 11β-HSD1 and H6PDH KO mice have also been valuable