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Xiong Weng Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK

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Hao Jiang Gene Expression and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK

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David J Walker Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK

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Houjiang Zhou MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, Dundee, Scotland, UK

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De Lin Drug Discovery Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK

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Jing Wang Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

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Li Kang Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK

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pathogenesis of T2D by a gene expression-based genome-wide association study ( Kodama et al . 2012 ). Ablation of CD44 by genetic deletion or anti-CD44 monoclonal antibody administration reduced adipose tissue immune cell infiltration and insulin resistance in

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Ping Ye
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Christopher J Kenyon MRC Blood Pressure Group, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK

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Scott M MacKenzie
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Katherine Nichol MRC Blood Pressure Group, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK

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Jonathan R Seckl MRC Blood Pressure Group, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK

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Robert Fraser
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John M C Connell
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Eleanor Davies
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2003 ). Although these extra-adrenal sites are not capable of corticosteroid production on the same scale as the adrenal cortex, due to a much lower level of relevant gene expression, their proximity to glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and

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Koichiro Taguchi Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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Kazuo Kajita Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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Yoshihiko Kitada Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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Masayuki Fuwa Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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Motochika Asano Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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Takahide Ikeda Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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Toshiko Kajita Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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Tatsuo Ishizuka Department of General Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu, Japan

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Itaru Kojima Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan

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Hiroyuki Morita Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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unable to isolate SPA. Subsequently, we developed a new method to isolate SPA and in this way the existence of SPA became more certain. In this study, we investigated for the first time the characteristics of SPA in terms of their gene expression and

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K E Lines Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK

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P J Newey Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK

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C J Yates Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK

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M Stevenson Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK

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R Dyar Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK

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G V Walls Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK

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M R Bowl Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK

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R V Thakker Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK

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), which are short, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression, predominantly by imperfect base pairing to the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNA sequences ( Filipowicz et al. 2008 , Stefani & Slack

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Nikolaos Nikolaou Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Anastasia Arvaniti Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK

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Nathan Appanna Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Anna Sharp Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Beverly A Hughes Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK

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Dena Digweed Diurnal Ltd, Cardiff, UK

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Martin J Whitaker Diurnal Ltd, Cardiff, UK

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Richard Ross Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

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Wiebke Arlt Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Trevor M Penning Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Karen Morris Biochemistry Department, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester, UK

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Sherly George Biochemistry Department, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester, UK

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Brian G Keevil Biochemistry Department, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester, UK

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Leanne Hodson Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Laura L Gathercole Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK

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Jeremy W Tomlinson Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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regarding the role of AKR1D1 in GC metabolism, specificially with regard to regulation of AKR1D1 expression and activity by GCs, the capacity of AKR1D1 to metabolise synthetic steroids and its role in the regulation of established GC target genes. There is a

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Karen Piper Hanley
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Tom Hearn Endocrinology and Diabetes Group, Human Genetics Division, Beta-Cell Development and Function Group, Peninsula Medical School, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, A V Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

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Andrew Berry
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Melanie J Carvell Endocrinology and Diabetes Group, Human Genetics Division, Beta-Cell Development and Function Group, Peninsula Medical School, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, A V Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

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Ann-Marie Patch Endocrinology and Diabetes Group, Human Genetics Division, Beta-Cell Development and Function Group, Peninsula Medical School, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, A V Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

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Louise J Williams Endocrinology and Diabetes Group, Human Genetics Division, Beta-Cell Development and Function Group, Peninsula Medical School, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, A V Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

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Sarah A Sugden
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David I Wilson Endocrinology and Diabetes Group, Human Genetics Division, Beta-Cell Development and Function Group, Peninsula Medical School, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, A V Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

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Sian Ellard Endocrinology and Diabetes Group, Human Genetics Division, Beta-Cell Development and Function Group, Peninsula Medical School, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, A V Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

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Neil A Hanley
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instance, Pdx1 regulates GLUT2 , glucokinase and insulin amyloid polypeptide ( IAPP ) expression ( McKinnon & Docherty 2001 ) and, in association with NeuroD1, it transactivates the insulin gene ( Babu et al . 2008 ). Many aspects of the β

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Qinglei Yin Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of EndocrineRuijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, China

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Liyun Shen Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of EndocrineRuijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, China

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Yicheng Qi Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, RenJi Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Pudong, Shanghai, China

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Dalong Song Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, China

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Lei Ye Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of EndocrineRuijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, China

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Ying Peng Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of EndocrineRuijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, China

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Yanqiu Wang Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of EndocrineRuijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, China

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Zhou Jin Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of EndocrineRuijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, China

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Guang Ning Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of EndocrineRuijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, China

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Weiqing Wang Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of EndocrineRuijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, China

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Dongping Lin Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Affiliated Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Shu Wang Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of EndocrineRuijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, China

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to mediate gene transcription ( Lawrence 2009 ). NF-κΒ signaling is modulated by posttranslational modifications (PTMs) ( Perkins 2006 ). PTMs are integral components of gene expression programs. To date, >200 different PTMs have been identified that

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Ying Sze Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK

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Joana Fernandes The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK

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Zofia M Kołodziejczyk Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Paula J Brunton Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK
Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, International Campus, Haining, Zhejiang, P.R. China

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stores to effectively deal with the stressor. Given glucocorticoids have wide-ranging effects on gene expression, metabolism and neural function, excess or inappropriate glucocorticoid action can be detrimental ( Sapolsky et al. 2000 ). Therefore, HPA

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F Wahab Stem Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany

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M Shahab Stem Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany

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R Behr Stem Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany

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noteworthy influence of lactation on the GnRH neuronal sensitivity to KP in terms of gonadotropin secretion was reported. Altogether, these results suggest that an increase in expression of the Rfrp gene during lactation may cause higher synthesis and

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Valentina Pampanini Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Daniela Germani Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy

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Antonella Puglianiello Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy

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Jan-Bernd Stukenborg Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Ahmed Reda Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Iuliia Savchuk Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Kristín Rós Kjartansdóttir Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Stefano Cianfarani Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero ‘Bambino Gesù’ Children’s Hospital – Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy

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Olle Söder Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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environment can influence the expression of fetal genes and has an impact on growth and development of multiple organs and long-term health. This principle, pioneered by David Barker and coworkers in the early 90s, has later been termed ‘Developmental Origins

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