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Emma Rose McGlone Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Stephen R Bloom Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Tricia M-M Tan Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK

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transcribed from the proglucagon gene is processed by the enzyme prohormone convertase 1 and 2 to give glucagon and related peptides including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and oxyntomodulin ( Müller et al. 2017 ). Glucagon regulates glucose, protein and

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Alessandro Pocai Diabetes and Endocrinology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp and Dohme Corp., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA

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insulin. Recent work on understanding the physiological function of proglucagon-derived peptides has renewed interest in glucagon-based therapeutics. One of these peptides is glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1), which is secreted from the L cells of the

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Neerav Mullur The University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Arianne Morissette The University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Nadya M Morrow The University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Erin E Mulvihill The University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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administration ( McIntyre et al. 1965 ). The incretin hormones, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) potentiate meal-stimulated insulin secretion through direct and indirect actions on islet β-cells. The first

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Ryan A Lafferty Diabetes Research Centre, Schools of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK

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Peter R Flatt Diabetes Research Centre, Schools of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK

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Victor A Gault Diabetes Research Centre, Schools of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK

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Nigel Irwin Diabetes Research Centre, Schools of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK

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over a decade prior to another closely related, but now more widely renowned gut-derived hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) ( Müller et al. 2019 ). Like GLP-1, GIP is released into the circulation in response to ingestion of macronutrients, it

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S J Brandt Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany

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M Kleinert Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany

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M H Tschöp Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany

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T D Müller Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany

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). For example, following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, gastric banding or sleeve gastronomy, there is an increase in the secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) ( Laferrere 2016 , Meek et al. 2016 , Clemmensen et al. 2017 ), which is known not

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Eun Young Lee
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Shuji Kaneko Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Drug Development Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan

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Promsuk Jutabha Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Drug Development Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan

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Xilin Zhang
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Susumu Seino Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Drug Development Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan

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Takahito Jomori Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Drug Development Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan

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Naohiko Anzai Department of Medical Physiology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Drug Development Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan

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Takashi Miki
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Introduction Oral ingestion of nutrients triggers the secretion of gut hormones from various enteroendocrine cells ( Ezcurra et al . 2013 , Cho et al . 2014 ). Among these, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic

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Elizabeth M Simpson School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia

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Iain J Clarke School of Agriculture Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

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Christopher J Scott School of Dentistry and Medical Science, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia

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Cyril P Stephen School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia

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Alexandra Rao School of Agriculture Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

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Allan J Gunn School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia

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OVX ewes ( Iqbal et al. 2006 ). Another circulating appetite-regulating peptide is glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) encoded by the preproglucagon gene ( GCG ) ( Huda et al. 2006 , Sandoval & D'Alessio 2015 , Sekar 2017 ). GLP-1 is an anorexigen

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Erica Yeo Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

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Patricia L Brubaker Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

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Deborah M Sloboda Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

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secretion, appetite regulation and gut motility) ( Gibbs et al. 1997 , Suzuki et al. 2010 ). However, of all the potential endocrine factors that could contribute to maternal metabolic adaptations to pregnancy, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is

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Samrin Kagdi Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Sulayman A Lyons Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Jacqueline L Beaudry Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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attractive pharmacotherapy agent for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and potentially inducing weight loss in obese patients, like glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists ( Finan et al. 2016 , Samms et al. 2020 ). In addition, GIPR

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Ryan A Lafferty Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK

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Laura M McShane Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK

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Zara J Franklin Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK

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Peter R Flatt Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK

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Finbarr P M O’Harte Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK

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Nigel Irwin Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK

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://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1018747 ) 6642413 10.1055/s-2007-1018747 Claus TH Pan CQ Buxton JM Yang L Reynolds JC Barucci N Burns M Ortiz AA Roczniak S Livingston JN 2007 Dual-acting peptide with prolonged glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor

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