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Shisan Xu Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Fangjing Xie Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Li Tian Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Samane Fallah Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Fatemeh Babaei Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Sinai H C Manno Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Francis A M Manno III School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Lina Zhu Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Kin Fung Wong Department of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Yimin Liang Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Rajkumar Ramalingam Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Lei Sun Department of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Xin Wang Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Robert Plumb Waters Technologies Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts, USA

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Lee Gethings Waters Technologies Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts, USA

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Yun Wah Lam Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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Shuk Han Cheng Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) at City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

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sex (usually male) and sexual differences in regeneration have never been investigated. In the present study, we examine, for the first time, sexual dimorphism of zebrafish heart regeneration and factors that influence the rate of cardiac regeneration

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Rebecca J Ainslie Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Ioannis Simitsidellis Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Phoebe M Kirkwood Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Douglas A Gibson Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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assessment of isolated populations or deduced from cohort differences due to sex or suppression of endogenous hormones. It is well known that sexual dimorphism in immune responses affects the prevalence and severity of a range of inflammatory conditions, but

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Sara Della Torre Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Gianpaolo Rando Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Clara Meda Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Paolo Ciana Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Luisa Ottobrini Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Adriana Maggi Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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-temporal expression of ERα and ERβ was reported to contribute to organize sex differences that are not associated with reproduction, such as the stress response and cognition ( Mogi et al. 2015 ). It is conceivable that the sexual dimorphism observed in

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T V Novoselova Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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R Larder University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Disease Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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D Rimmington University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Disease Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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C Lelliott Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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E H Wynn Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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R J Gorrigan Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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P H Tate Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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L Guasti Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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The Sanger Mouse Genetics Project Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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S O’Rahilly University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Disease Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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A J L Clark Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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D W Logan Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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A P Coll University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Disease Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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L F Chan Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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either global P -values for genotype adjusted for multiple correction testing, or (in the cases of sexual dimorphism) the P -value is the impact of genotype for that sex. Animal husbandry The care and use of all animals were carried out in

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Lianne Abrahams School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Nina M Semjonous School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Phil Guest School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Agnieszka Zielinska School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Beverly Hughes School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Gareth G Lavery School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Paul M Stewart School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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, although the ultimate reason for the observed sexual dimorphism remains obscure. 11β-HSD1/H6PDH HETs and double HETs have a urinary 11-DHC profile that is comparable to that of WT animals ( Fig. 2 ). Loss of one 11β-HSD1 and/or one H6PDH allele therefore

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L A Nolan Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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A Levy Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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striking sexual dimorphism . Journal of Physiology 549 835 – 843 . Oishi Y Okuda M Takahashi H Fujii T Morii S 1993 Cellular proliferation in the anterior pituitary gland of normal adult rats: influences of sex, estrous cycle, and

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Nerine T Joseph Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, MRC/UCT, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK
Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, MRC/UCT, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK

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Kevin Morgan Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, MRC/UCT, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK

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Robin Sellar Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, MRC/UCT, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK

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Derek McBride Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, MRC/UCT, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK

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Robert P Millar Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, MRC/UCT, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK
Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, MRC/UCT, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK

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Ian C Dunn Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, MRC/UCT, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK

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due to the age of animals used in different studies. The sexual dimorphism in cGnRH-R-III expression, where levels of mRNA are higher in juvenile males compared with juvenile females, is consistent with the LH response to photo-stimulation seen in

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David E Maridas Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA

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Victoria E DeMambro Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA

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Phuong T Le Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA

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Kenichi Nagano Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Roland Baron Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Subburaman Mohan VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA

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Clifford J Rosen Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA

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murine embryonic and postnatal mechanisms of IGFBP-4 without specifically looking at sexual dimorphism ( Ning et al . 2006 , 2008 ). In contrast, we examined pubertal and adult skeletal maintenance in C57BL/6J mice by phenotyping mice with a germline

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Stuart A Morgan Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

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Laura L Gathercole Department of Biological & Medical Sciences, Oxford Brooks University, Oxford, UK

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Zaki K Hassan-Smith Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Jeremy Tomlinson Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Paul M Stewart Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
NEXUS, Discovery Way, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Gareth G Lavery Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

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in male mice. As such, we can discount the possibility of sexual dimorphism with respect to our findings. Indeed, there is evidence of sexually dimorphic expression of hepatic 11β-HSD1 in rats, underpinned by sex-specific changes in growth hormone

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Thomas Nicholson Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Chris Church MedImmune, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease (CVMD), Milstein Building, Cambridge, UK

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Kostas Tsintzas MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Robert Jones MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Leigh Breen Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Edward T Davis The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Northfield, Birmingham, UK

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David J Baker MedImmune, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease (CVMD), Milstein Building, Cambridge, UK

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Simon W Jones Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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.3791/2429 ) Kotani K Tokunaga K Fujioka S Kobatake T Keno Y Yoshida S Shimomura I Tarui S Matsuzawa Y 1994 Sexual dimorphism of age-related-changes in whole-body fat distribution in the obese . International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders

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