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P V Gordon Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Virginia Health Sciences, PO Box 800386, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health Sciences, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA

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J B Paxton Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Virginia Health Sciences, PO Box 800386, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health Sciences, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA

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N S Fox Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Virginia Health Sciences, PO Box 800386, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health Sciences, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA

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Glucocorticoids induce hypertrophy of the neonatal ileal mucosa but the molecular mechanisms behind this growth induction remain poorly understood. Ileal epithelial cells (IECs) are dependent upon IGF-II for proliferation both in vivo and in culture. The type-2 IGF receptor (IGFR-2) is a lysosomal transport protein that attenuates IGF-II-driven growth and is highly abundant in the ileum. The cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes (CREG) is a secreted phosphoglycoprotein that affects cell fate via ligand binding with IGFR-2, although the mechanism by which it does so is unknown. We hypothesized that glucocorticoids might facilitate IGF-mediated hypertrophy through CREG-mediated degradation of IGFR-2. To test this hypothesis, confluent rat IECs (IEC-18) were cultured for 72 h with or without dexamethasone (DEX) and harvested for Western blot, immunocytochemistry, gene array and CREG immunoneutralization experiments. IGFR-2 and CREG immunohistochemistry were also performed in archived ileal specimens from control and DEX-exposed newborn mice and extremely premature infants to investigate in vivo and clinical relevance. DEX exposure was found to diminish IGFR-2 immunolocalization in cultured rat IECs, newborn mouse ileal mucosa and human neonatal ileal mucosa. Gene array data indicated that IGFR-2 expression was unchanged with DEX treatment, suggesting a mechanism of protein degradation. CREG immunolocalization and abundance was found to be increased by DEX and immunoneutralization of CREG resulted in the abolition of IGFR-2 degradation. We have concluded that CREG is a secreted mediator by which DEX induces degradation of IGFR-2 and speculate that this is a fundamental mechanism of mucosal growth induction.

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Andrew L Pierce
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Jason P Breves
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Shunsuke Moriyama Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, School of Marine Biosciences, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA

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Tetsuya Hirano
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E Gordon Grau
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Igf1 and Igf2 stimulate growth and development of vertebrates. In mammals, liver-derived endocrine Igf1 mediates the growth promoting effects of GH during postnatal life, whereas Igf2 stimulates placental and fetal growth and is not regulated by GH. Insulin enhances Igf1 production by the mammalian liver directly, and by increasing hepatocyte sensitivity to GH. We examined the regulation of igf1 and igf2 mRNA levels by GH, insulin, and cortisol, and the effects of insulin and cortisol on GH sensitivity in primary cultured hepatocytes of tilapia, a cichlid teleost. GH increased mRNA levels of both igf1 and igf2 in a concentration-related and biphasic manner over the physiological range, with a greater effect on igf2 mRNA level. Insulin increased basal igf2 mRNA level, and strongly increased GH-stimulated igf2 mRNA level, but slightly reduced basal igf1 mRNA level and did not affect GH-stimulated igf1 mRNA level. Cortisol inhibited GH stimulation of igf1, but increased GH stimulation of igf2 mRNA level. The synergistic effect of insulin and GH on igf2 mRNA level was confirmed in vivo. These results indicate that insulin and cortisol differentially modulate the response of igf1 and igf2 mRNA to GH in tilapia hepatocytes, and suggest that the regulation of liver Igf2 production differs between fish and mammals. Regulation of liver Igf2 production in fish appears to be similar to regulation of liver Igf1 production in mammals.

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Andre P Seale Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, Department of Biology and Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA

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Benjamin P Moorman Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, Department of Biology and Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA
Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, Department of Biology and Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA

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Jacob J Stagg Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, Department of Biology and Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA
Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, Department of Biology and Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA

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Jason P Breves Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, Department of Biology and Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA
Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, Department of Biology and Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA

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Darren T Lerner Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, Department of Biology and Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA

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E Gordon Grau Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, Department of Biology and Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA

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Two forms of prolactin (Prl), prolactin 177 (Prl177) and prolactin 188 (Prl188), are produced in the rostral pars distalis (RPD) of the pituitary gland of euryhaline Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Consistent with their roles in fresh water (FW) osmoregulation, release of both Prls is rapidly stimulated by hyposmotic stimuli, both in vivo and in vitro. We examined the concurrent dynamics of Prl177 and Prl188 hormone release and mRNA expression from Prl cells in response to changes in environmental salinity in vivo and to changes in extracellular osmolality in vitro. In addition, mRNA levels of Prl receptors 1 and 2 (prlr1 and prlr2) and osmotic stress transcription factor 1 (ostf1) were measured. Following transfer from seawater (SW) to FW, plasma osmolality decreased, while plasma levels of Prl177 and Prl188 and RPD mRNA levels of prl 177 and prl 188 increased. The opposite pattern was observed when fish were transferred from FW to SW. Moreover, hyposmotically induced release of Prl188 was greater in Prl cells isolated from FW-acclimated fish after 6 h of incubation, while the hyposmotically induced increase in prl 188 mRNA levels was only observed in SW-acclimated fish. In addition, prlr2 and ostf1 mRNA levels in Prl cells from both FW- and SW-acclimated fish increased in direct proportion to increases in extracellular osmolality both in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, these results indicate that the osmosensitivity of the tilapia RPD is modulated by environmental salinity with respect to hormone release and gene expression.

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Jason P Breves Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA

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Mayu Inokuchi Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, Hawai‘i, USA
Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan

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Yoko Yamaguchi Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, Hawai‘i, USA

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Andre P Seale Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, Hawai‘i, USA

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Bethany L Hunt Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA

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Soichi Watanabe Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan

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Darren T Lerner Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, Hawai‘i, USA
University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA

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Toyoji Kaneko Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan

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E Gordon Grau Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, Hawai‘i, USA

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Aquaporins (Aqps) are expressed within key osmoregulatory tissues where they mediate the movement of water and selected solutes across cell membranes. We leveraged the functional plasticity of Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) gill epithelium to examine how Aqp3, an aquaglyceroporin, is regulated in response to osmoregulatory demands. Particular attention was paid to the actions of critical osmoregulatory hormones, namely, prolactin (Prl), growth hormone and cortisol. Branchial aqp3 mRNA levels were modulated following changes in environmental salinity, with enhanced aqp3 mRNA expression upon transfer from seawater to freshwater (FW). Accordingly, extensive Aqp3 immunoreactivity was localized to cell membranes of branchial epithelium in FW-acclimated animals. Upon transferring hypophysectomized tilapia to FW, we identified that a pituitary factor(s) is required for Aqp3 expression in FW. Replacement with ovine Prl (oPrl) was sufficient to stimulate Aqp3 expression in hypophysectomized animals held in FW, an effect blocked by coinjection with cortisol. Both oPrl and native tilapia Prls (tPrl177 and tPrl188) stimulated aqp3 in incubated gill filaments in a concentration-related manner. Consistent with in vivo responses, coincubation with cortisol blocked oPrl-stimulated aqp3 expression in vitro. Our data indicate that Prl and cortisol act directly upon branchial epithelium to regulate Aqp3 in tilapia. Thus, within the context of the diverse actions of Prl on hydromineral balance in vertebrates, we define a new role for Prl as a regulator of Aqp expression.

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