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Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5F 1A8 Canada
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Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5F 1A8 Canada
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Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5F 1A8 Canada
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Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5F 1A8 Canada
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Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5F 1A8 Canada
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Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5F 1A8 Canada
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Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5F 1A8 Canada
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Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5F 1A8 Canada
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We investigated whether an increase in cAMP could normalize glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) overexpressing (ucp2-OE) β-cells. Indices of β-cell (β-TC-6f7 cells and rodent islets) function were measured after induction of ucp2, in the presence or absence of cAMP-stimulating agents, analogs, or inhibitors. Islets of ob/ob mice had improved glucose-responsiveness in the presence of forskolin. Rat islets overexpressing ucp2 had significantly lower GSIS than controls. Acutely, the protein kinase A (PKA) and epac pathway stimulant forskolin normalized insulin secretion in ucp2-OE rat islets and β-TC-6f7 β-cells, an effect blocked by specific PKA inhibitors but not mimicked by epac agonists. However, there was no effect of ucp2-OE on cAMP concentrations or PKA activity. In ucp2-OE islets, forskolin inhibited ATP-dependent potassium (KATP) channel currents and 86Rb+ efflux, indicative of KATP block. Likewise, forskolin application increased intracellular Ca2+, which could account for its stimulatory effects on insulin secretion. Chronic exposure to forskolin increased ucp2 mRNA and exaggerated basal secretion but not GSIS. In mice deficient in UCP2, there was no augmentation of either cAMP content or cAMP-dependent insulin secretion. Thus, elevating cellular cAMP can reverse the deficiency in GSIS invoked by ucp2-OE, at least partly through PKA-mediated effects on the KATP channel.
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Melanocortin receptor accessory protein 2 (MRAP2) is a transmembrane accessory protein predominantly expressed in the brain. Both global and brain-specific deletion of Mrap2 in mice results in severe obesity. Loss-of-function MRAP2 mutations have also been associated with obesity in humans. Although MRAP2 has been shown to interact with MC4R, a G protein-coupled receptor with an established role in energy homeostasis, appetite regulation and lipid metabolism, the mechanisms through which loss of MRAP2 causes obesity remains uncertain. In this study, we used two independently derived lines of Mrap2 deficient mice (Mrap2 tm1a/tm1a ) to further study the role of Mrap2 in the regulation of energy balance and peripheral lipid metabolism. Mrap2 tm1a/tm1a mice have a significant increase in body weight, with increased fat and lean mass, but without detectable changes in food intake or energy expenditure. Transcriptomic analysis showed significantly decreased expression of Sim1, Trh, Oxt and Crh within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of Mrap2 tm1a/tm1a mice. Circulating levels of both high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein were significantly increased in Mrap2 deficient mice. Taken together, these data corroborate the role of MRAP2 in metabolic regulation and indicate that, at least in part, this may be due to defective central melanocortin signalling.