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Shona Wood Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

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Andrew Loudon Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

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β sub-units of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). These cells lack receptors for the hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) ( Bockmann et al . 1997 ), and do not respond to conventional hypothalamic outputs. In mammals, the MT1 receptor co

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María F Andreoli Laboratory of Experimental Neurodevelopment, Institute of Development and Paediatric Research (IDIP), La Plata Children’s Hospital and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Argentine Research Council (CONICET), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Jose Donato Jr Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Isin Cakir Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

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Mario Perello Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET), National University of La Plata and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA)), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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DMH ( Enriori et al. 2011 ). Leptin activates the HPT axis via its direct action on thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) neurons of the PVH ( Perello et al. 2006 ) and also via an indirect action through ARH POMC and NPY/AgRP/GABA neurons that

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Sarika Paul Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Timothy M Brown Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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). Indeed, as discussed in detail below, direct SCN projections target many of the key neurosecretory hypothalamic cell groups including corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH), thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH), gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and

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Natalia Ogonowski Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Giselle Piro Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Déborah Pessah Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Noelia Arreche Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Bernardita Puchulu Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Ana M Balaszczuk Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Andrea L Fellet Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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release after TRH in aging male and female rats . Endocrine Research Communications 9 169 – 177 . ( doi:10.3109/07435808209045762 ) Grossman W 1980 Cardiac hypertrophy: useful adaptation or pathologic process? American Journal of Medicine

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K M Jeckel Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

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A C Boyarko Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

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G J Bouma Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

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Q A Winger Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

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R V Anthony Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

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, StAR and progesterone-associated steroidogenic enzymes in placentae of overnourished growing adolescent ewes . Reproduction 135 889 – 889 . ( https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-06-0294e ) 10.1530/REP-06-0294e Limesand SW Regnault TRH Hay WW Jr 2004

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Dimitri Novitzky
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David K C Cooper Formerly Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA

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-releasing hormone (TRH) . Hormone Research 23 151 – 158 . ( doi:10.1159/000180311 ) Shapiro LE Baron T 2013 Thyroid function in health and disease, with particular reference to brain death . In The Brain-Dead Organ Donor: Pathophysiology and Management

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Xianghui Meng Chinese Medicine Hospital in Linyi City, Linyi, China

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Shuhang Xu Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Guofang Chen Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Michael Derwahl Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, St. Hedwig Hospital, Berlin, Germany

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Chao Liu Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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in a variety of cellular functions and regulates cellular energy metabolism ( Duntas et al. 2011 ). Indeed, it may be plausible that any central effects of metformin on the TRH/TSH regulation involve the AMPK system. Metformin is proved to have an

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Elaine de Oliveira Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute

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Egberto G Moura Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute

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Ana Paula Santos-Silva Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute

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Cíntia R Pinheiro Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute

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Natalia S Lima Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute

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José Firmino Nogueira-Neto Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute

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Andre L Nunes-Freitas Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute

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Yael Abreu-Villaça Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute

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Magna C F Passos Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute

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Patrícia C Lisboa Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute

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-protein diet changes deiodinase activities and pituitary TSH response to TRH in adult rats . Experimental Biology and Medicine 233 57 – 63 . Liu RH Mizuta M Matsukura S 2004 The expression and functional role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

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Erica Gentilin Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy

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Federico Tagliati Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy

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Massimo Terzolo Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy

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Matteo Zoli Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy

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Marcello Lapparelli Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy

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Mariella Minoia Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy

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Maria Rosaria Ambrosio Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy

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Ettore C degli Uberti Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy

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Maria Chiara Zatelli Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy

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TRH-induced TSH secretion, supporting the hypothesis that this drug acts rapidly and profoundly with a generalized effect at the pituitary level. This hypothesis is further strengthened by evidence that, after 6 h, mitotane reduces Pomc expression

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Eleonore Fröhlich
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Anja Witke
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Barbara Czarnocka
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Richard Wahl
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effects of protirelin (TRH) on cultured porcine thyrocytes. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 15 345 –351. Wan Y , Wang L & Wu T 1994 The expression of retinoid X receptor genes is regulated by all-trans- and 9

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