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Obaro Evuarherhe Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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James Leggett Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Eleanor Waite Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Yvonne Kershaw Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Stafford Lightman Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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number: RJ4534). References Atkinson HC Waddell BJ 1997 Circadian variation in basal plasma corticosterone and adrenocorticotropin in the rat: sexual dimorphism and changes across the estrous cycle . Endocrinology 138 3842 – 3848 . Azooz OG

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Vanesa Jiménez-Amilburu Institute of Biology, ZF‐screens BV, Hubrecht Institute‐KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht and Interuniversity, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

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Susanne Jong-Raadsen Institute of Biology, ZF‐screens BV, Hubrecht Institute‐KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht and Interuniversity, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

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Jeroen Bakkers Institute of Biology, ZF‐screens BV, Hubrecht Institute‐KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht and Interuniversity, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

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Herman P Spaink Institute of Biology, ZF‐screens BV, Hubrecht Institute‐KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht and Interuniversity, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

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Rubén Marín-Juez Institute of Biology, ZF‐screens BV, Hubrecht Institute‐KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht and Interuniversity, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

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altered circadian rhythms, and have abnormal responses to dieting and stress . American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 286 R108 – R113 . ( doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00405.2003 ) Tachibana K Jones N Dumont DJ

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Verena Behringer
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Gottfried Hohmann
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Jeroen M G Stevens Department of Primatology, Centre for Research and Conservation, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany

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Anja Weltring
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Tobias Deschner
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2003 Circadian rhythm characteristics of serum cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in healthy Chinese men aged 30 to 60 years. A cross-sectional study . Steroids 68 133 – 138 . doi:10.1016/S0039-128X(02)00167-8 . Zihlman A 1996

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Carolina Gaudenzi Neuro-Epigenetics Research Group, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

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Karen R Mifsud Neuro-Epigenetics Research Group, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

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Johannes M H M Reul Neuro-Epigenetics Research Group, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

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, underwent a five- and seven-fold increase in MR binding following acute stress and at the peak of the circadian rhythm, respectively ( Mifsud et al. 2021 ). These findings indicate that the MR, while certainly mediating tonic/constant actions of GCs, holds

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Shelley Gorman Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

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Alexander N Larcombe Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia

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Hayley E Christian Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

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intake of alcohol and caffeine, endocrine (metabolic) disruptors, physical inactivity and sedentary activities, social networks, lifestyles that affect circadian rhythm (e.g. shift work), socioeconomic status and education ( Bhatnagar 2017 , Bellou et

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Masaki Nakano Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiba, Japan
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan

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Mika Ikegame Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan

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Junko Igarashi-Migitaka Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan

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Yusuke Maruyama Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiba, Japan

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Nobuo Suzuki Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan

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Atsuhiko Hattori Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiba, Japan

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Introduction Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an endogenous hormone mainly synthesised in the vertebrate pineal gland in response to darkness ( Reiter 1991 ) and circulating levels exhibit a conspicuous circadian rhythm ( Reiter

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Alex M DePaoli NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Development, 630 Gateway Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA

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levels in normal humans were identified to have a circadian rhythm and response to fasting and feeding ( Schoeller et al . 1997 ). Furthermore, women had substantially higher levels of leptin, even when adjusted for fat mass ( Rosenbaum et al . 1996

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Perry Barrett Molecular Endocrinology Group, Division of Obesity and Metabolic Health and Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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Elena Ivanova Molecular Endocrinology Group, Division of Obesity and Metabolic Health and Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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E Scott Graham Molecular Endocrinology Group, Division of Obesity and Metabolic Health and Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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Alexander W Ross Molecular Endocrinology Group, Division of Obesity and Metabolic Health and Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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Dana Wilson Molecular Endocrinology Group, Division of Obesity and Metabolic Health and Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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Helene Plé Molecular Endocrinology Group, Division of Obesity and Metabolic Health and Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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Julian G Mercer Molecular Endocrinology Group, Division of Obesity and Metabolic Health and Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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Francis J Ebling Molecular Endocrinology Group, Division of Obesity and Metabolic Health and Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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Sandrine Schuhler Molecular Endocrinology Group, Division of Obesity and Metabolic Health and Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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Sandrine M Dupré Molecular Endocrinology Group, Division of Obesity and Metabolic Health and Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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Andrew Loudon Molecular Endocrinology Group, Division of Obesity and Metabolic Health and Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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Peter J Morgan Molecular Endocrinology Group, Division of Obesity and Metabolic Health and Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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at 3-h intervals in the ependymal layer/median eminence of hamsters held in LD or SD for 14 weeks. As for expression in the dmpARC, there was a photoperiodic difference between LD and SD ( P < 0.001), no circadian regulation of CRBP1 in either LD or

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David R Grattan Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

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each time point, they interpreted these data to demonstrate the existence of an ‘endogenous stimulatory rhythm’, where factors from the hypothalamus (including oxytocin and VIP) were promoting prolactin secretion at specific times in dependently of

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A Boelen Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, F5-165, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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J Kwakkel Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, F5-165, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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X G Vos Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, F5-165, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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W M Wiersinga Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, F5-165, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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E Fliers Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, F5-165, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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(Fig. 4B and C ). Altered TRβ2 and TSHβ mRNA expression in the fed control groups throughout the day reflects the circadian rhythm of these genes (TRβ2, P time <0.01 and TSHβ, P time <0.05). Effect of refeeding on fasting

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