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Division of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Introduction Diabetes mellitus is increasing in prevalence worldwide due to dietary excesses and sedentary lifestyles. About 25.8 million individuals in the USA have diabetes, accounting for 8.3% of the population. Type 2 diabetes previously was
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BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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GLP-1R activation ( Baggio et al. 2004 ). Further, oxyntomodulin production is blunted in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) ( Wewer Albrechtsen et al. 2016 ), and treatment with oxyntomodulin is beneficial for glucose homeostasis via the
Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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animal models, and our study clarifies the translational potential of this concept, in that our data in human islets do not support the use of inhibitors selective for the i-proteasome in diabetes. In conclusion, beta cells upregulate immunoproteasome
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there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of this review. Funding This work was supported in part by the American Diabetes Association (#1-17-IBS-135 to A C). S S E was supported by the National
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Introduction It is estimated that diabetes affects about 150 million people worldwide, and this figure is expected to be doubled in the next 20 years ( Zimmet et al . 2001 ). About 90–95% of all North American cases of diabetes are type 2 diabetes
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Introduction The incidence of type 2 diabetes has more than doubled since 1980, with over 382 million affected individuals worldwide, in conjunction with an increase in obesity rates and the spread of a western lifestyle ( Scully 2012 ). Given
Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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-α (TNF-α), which also influence insulin sensitivity ( Hofmann et al . 1994 ). Recently, many reports have examined how the phosphorylation of PPARγ is a crucial factor in modulating adipose tissue function, specifically as it relates to diabetes and
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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babies who were small at birth were at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Hales had found that nutritional interventions during early development affected pancreatic development and glucose tolerance. They hypothesised that poor nutrition in
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Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Brand Glucometer (Roche) with blood collected from the tail vein. Glucose clamp studies Two-hour hyperglycemic clamps were performed in either WT or TN mice fasted for 4 h following the instruction of National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive
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Introduction Type I diabetes is a disease characterized by the specific destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans by the immune system ( Bach 1994 ). Immune cells, particularly macrophages and T-cells, invade