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A L Griffiths School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK
Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California, USA

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K M Marshall School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK
Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California, USA

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J Senior School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK
Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California, USA

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C Fleming School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK
Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California, USA

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D F Woodward School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK
Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California, USA

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the uterine horn appears to be working in synchrony to aid the expulsion of the litter. Oestrogen is thought to modulate several factors which contribute to the contractile state of the uterus during parturition, including oxytocin production

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Alan G Watts Department of Biological Sciences, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Hedco Neuroscience Building, MC 2520, Los Angeles, California 90089‐2520, USA

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thyroid-stimulating hormone (TRF/TRH). Those for prolactin (dopamine, a release-inhibiting factor), ACTH (CRF/CRH), and growth hormone (GRF/GHRH and somatostatin) were identified at various times during the following decade. The structures of oxytocin and

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Dóra Zelena
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Ágnes Domokos
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Subodh Kumar Jain Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, Department of Pyschiatry, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Science, PO Box 67, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary

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Ryan Jankord Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, Department of Pyschiatry, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Science, PO Box 67, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary

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Ludmila Filaretova Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, Department of Pyschiatry, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Science, PO Box 67, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary

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rats led to a similar conclusion ( Popova et al . 2002 ). It is possible that oxytocin compensates for the loss of AVP in this process as it is also stimulated by osmotic challenges ( Schlosser et al . 1994 ). However, the control procedure (volume

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David A Bechtold Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, 1.124 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

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Simon M Luckman Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, 1.124 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

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restriction or in diet-induced obese rats ( Laemmle et al. 2003 ). However, ICV administration of NPFF has been shown to activate oxytocin neurons in the PVN ( Jhamandas & MacTavish 2003 ). Therefore, the anorexic effects of ICV NPFF may involve oxytocin, as

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Riccardo Dore Department of Internal Medicine I, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Luka Levata Department of Internal Medicine I, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Sogol Gachkar Department of Internal Medicine I, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Olaf Jöhren Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Jens Mittag Department of Internal Medicine I, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Hendrik Lehnert Department of Internal Medicine I, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Carla Schulz Department of Internal Medicine I, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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) and plasma ( Stengel et al. 2009 b ). The central NUCB2/nesfatin-1 system was reported to interact with the melanocortin system ( Oh-I et al. 2006 , Yosten & Samson 2009 , 2014 ), oxytocin ( Maejima et al. 2009 , Yosten & Samson 2010 , 2014

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Bin Liu Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6523, USA

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Lydia A Arbogast Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6523, USA

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is not clear whether P 4 administration recruits nondopaminergic factors. However, a recent study ( Kennett et al . 2009 ) indicates that while an oxytocin antagonist blocks the E 2 -induced prolactin surge, the oxytocin antagonist does not block

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Emma M Roberts
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Michael J F Newson
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George R Pope
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Rainer Landgraf Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Stephen J Lolait
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Anne-Marie O'Carroll
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neurohypophysis and form the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract ( Antunes-Rodrigues et al . 2004 ). The HNS is the primary source of AVP and the related peptide oxytocin (OT) that are secreted into the systemic circulation from neurones terminating in the

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Y Takei
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H Hashimoto Ocean Research Institute, Department of Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, Peptide Institute Inc., University of Tokyo, Nakano, Tokyo 164-8639, Japan

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K Inoue
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T Osaki Ocean Research Institute, Department of Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, Peptide Institute Inc., University of Tokyo, Nakano, Tokyo 164-8639, Japan

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K Yoshizawa-Kumagaye Ocean Research Institute, Department of Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, Peptide Institute Inc., University of Tokyo, Nakano, Tokyo 164-8639, Japan

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M Tsunemi Ocean Research Institute, Department of Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, Peptide Institute Inc., University of Tokyo, Nakano, Tokyo 164-8639, Japan

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T X Watanabe Ocean Research Institute, Department of Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, Peptide Institute Inc., University of Tokyo, Nakano, Tokyo 164-8639, Japan

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M Ogoshi
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N Minamino Ocean Research Institute, Department of Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, Peptide Institute Inc., University of Tokyo, Nakano, Tokyo 164-8639, Japan

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Y Ueta Ocean Research Institute, Department of Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, Peptide Institute Inc., University of Tokyo, Nakano, Tokyo 164-8639, Japan

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. British Journal of Pharmacology 126 280 – 284 . Hashimoto H Hyodo S Kawasaki M Mera T Soya A Saito T Fujihara H Takei Y Ueta Y 2005 Centrally administered adrenomedullin 2 activates hypothalamic oxytocin – secreting neurons causing

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Linah Al-Alem Division of Clinical and Reproductive Sciences and
Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
Pharmacology and Preclinical Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA

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Phillip J Bridges Division of Clinical and Reproductive Sciences and
Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
Pharmacology and Preclinical Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA

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Wen Su Division of Clinical and Reproductive Sciences and
Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
Pharmacology and Preclinical Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA

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Ming C Gong Division of Clinical and Reproductive Sciences and
Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
Pharmacology and Preclinical Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA

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Marc Iglarz Division of Clinical and Reproductive Sciences and
Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
Pharmacology and Preclinical Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA

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CheMyong Ko Division of Clinical and Reproductive Sciences and
Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
Pharmacology and Preclinical Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil CH-4123, Switzerland
Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA

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facilitate transportation to the site of fertilization, the lower portion of the ampulla ( Garcia-Pascual et al. 1996 , Talbot et al. 2003 ). Several hormones have been identified that can affect oviductal contractility, including oxytocin

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Eugen Brailoiu Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
Department of Pathology,
Division of Biocomputing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA

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Siok L Dun Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
Department of Pathology,
Division of Biocomputing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA

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G Cristina Brailoiu Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
Department of Pathology,
Division of Biocomputing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA

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Keisuke Mizuo Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
Department of Pathology,
Division of Biocomputing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA

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Larry A Sklar Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
Department of Pathology,
Division of Biocomputing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA

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Tudor I Oprea Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
Department of Pathology,
Division of Biocomputing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA

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Eric R Prossnitz Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
Department of Pathology,
Division of Biocomputing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA

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Nae J Dun Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
Department of Pathology,
Division of Biocomputing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA

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hypothalamic sections were incubated with either oxytocin (OT) antibody (1:1000, a monoclonal antibody from Chemicon, Tamecula, CA, USA) or vasopressin (VP) antiserum (1:1500, a guinea pig polyclonal antibody from Chemicon); medullary sections were incubated

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