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Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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University of Colorado Denver – Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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adaptations are not completely understood. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a pleotropic endocrine hormone produced by several tissues, plays an important role in systemic glucose and lipid metabolism ( Kharitonenkov et al . 2005 , Zhang et al . 2008
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repertoire ( Timmermans et al. 2019 ). This GC-mediated response takes minutes to hours to complete, making it less suited for fight-or-flight responses, but rather for intermediate-term adaptations to a stressful environment. Both response systems share
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all the physiological processes affected by environmental temperature, the circadian clock might be the most representative, which plays an important role in the adaptation to external cues. Daily cycles of light and temperature are the most reliable
Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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than any other organ in the body ( Symonds 2013 ). A major factor determining energy balance and thus the relative amounts of brown, beige or white adipose is ambient temperature, an adaptation that may be recruited from the first appearance of
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concentrations, in the fetal lung of umbilical cord compression fetuses ( Gnanalingham et al. 2005 b ). These parallel changes in the mitochondria within fetal lung may better prepare the compromised fetus for preterm birth and extrauterine adaptation by
Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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, rendering the short-loop negative feedback system functionally inactive ( Grattan & Averill 1995 , Fliestra & Voogt 1997 ). This adaptation persists into lactation, and dopamine secretion remains low throughout this period of elevated prolactin secretion
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the process of function switching ( Wallis 1997 , Forsyth & Wallis 2002 ). If prolactin acquired a second function, the importance of which fluctuated over time, each switch (fluctuation) would lead to adaptation and additional substitutions. Repeated
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Introduction In the rat, maternal cardiovascular adaptation to pregnancy is initiated 2 days after implantation and is manifested by expanded stroke volume as well as increased heart contractility ( Slangen et al. 1997 ). In effect
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attest to the specificity of staining during the immunoblotting procedure. Furthermore, these adaptations occurred despite no change in total plasma membrane protein in adipose tissue with postnatal age (data not shown). Therefore, although there is an
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) families . Aquaculture 272 625 – 635 . Madsen SS 1990 The role of cortisol and growth hormone in seawater adaptation and development of hypoosmoregulatory mechanisms in sea trout parr ( Salmo trutta trutta ) . General and Comparative
