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Introduction Leptin, an anorectic hormone produced by white adipose tissue, plays an important role in the maintenance of energy balance ( Schwartz et al . 2000 ). The absence of leptin results in severe obesity in both rodents and humans
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adipocyte itself may act as an endocrine cell such that altered adipocyte function causes changes in systemic energy balance ( Spiegelman & Flier 2001 ); therefore regulation of lipid storage and metabolism by adipocytes in different fat depots is
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. ( doi:10.1126/science.153.3740.1127 ) Ingalls AM Dickie MM Snell GD 1950 Obese, a new mutation in the house mouse . Journal of Heredity 41 317 – 318 . Kennedy GC 1966 Food intake, energy balance and growth . British Medical Bulletin
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energy balance . Journal of Endocrinology 220 T25 – T47 . ( doi:10.1530/JOE-13-0398 ) Turner N Cooney GJ Kraegen EW Bruce CR 2014 Fatty acid metabolism, energy expenditure and insulin resistance in muscle . Journal of Endocrinology 220 T61 – T79 . ( doi
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. 2005 ), its expression levels are reduced by 12–48 h FD in adult mice ( Luque et al . 2007 ). It is suggested that leptin transmits signals related to energy balance to kisspeptin neurons through its receptor, Ob-R ( Smith et al . 2006 , Castellano
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GLP1R agonists on appetite and body weight, focusing on their potential energy balance-regulating effects in the CNS. Although the fact that GLP1 and GLP1R mimetics have consistent acute effects on hunger and satiety has been known for some time, the
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hypermetabolic and resist developing obesity and diabetes when fed a high-fat diet ( Hahm et al . 1999 ), suggesting that VGF regulates energy balance by modulating sympathetic outflow. Consistent with this hypothesis, neonatal treatment of Vgf−/Vgf− mice with
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. 1996 , Denis et al. 2003 a ). Despite the hyperphagia, lactating rats enter and remain in a state of overall net negative energy balance ( Barber et al. 1997 ). The mechanisms regulating both the diurnal changes in food intake and the hyperphagia
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its receptors in the brain of lean and obese Zucker rats. Endocrinology 137 4786 –4795. Richard D , Huang Q & Timofeeva E 2000 The corticotropin-releasing hormone system in the regulation of energy balance in obesity
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. 2000 , Takaya et al. 2000 ) and pigs ( Salfen et al. 2004 ). In addition, evidence from many species indicates that ghrelin exerts a variety of actions, affecting energy balance ( Horvath et al. 2001 ), gastrointestinal motility and secretion