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Sayaka Akieda-Asai Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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Paul-Emile Poleni Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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Kazuya Hasegawa Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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Yukari Date Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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Introduction Leptin, an anorectic hormone produced by white adipose tissue, plays an important role in the maintenance of energy balance ( Schwartz et al . 2000 ). The absence of leptin results in severe obesity in both rodents and humans

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Jennifer H Steel Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK

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Roger White Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK

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Malcolm G Parker Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK

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adipocyte itself may act as an endocrine cell such that altered adipocyte function causes changes in systemic energy balance ( Spiegelman & Flier 2001 ); therefore regulation of lipid storage and metabolism by adipocytes in different fat depots is

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Steve O'Rahilly MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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. ( doi:10.1126/science.153.3740.1127 ) Ingalls AM Dickie MM Snell GD 1950 Obese, a new mutation in the house mouse . Journal of Heredity 41 317 – 318 . Kennedy GC 1966 Food intake, energy balance and growth . British Medical Bulletin

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Shaodong Guo Division of Molecular Cardiology, Scott & White, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 1901 South 1st Street, Building 205, Temple, Texas 76504, USA
Division of Molecular Cardiology, Scott & White, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 1901 South 1st Street, Building 205, Temple, Texas 76504, USA
Division of Molecular Cardiology, Scott & White, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 1901 South 1st Street, Building 205, Temple, Texas 76504, USA

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energy balance . Journal of Endocrinology 220 T25 – T47 . ( doi:10.1530/JOE-13-0398 ) Turner N Cooney GJ Kraegen EW Bruce CR 2014 Fatty acid metabolism, energy expenditure and insulin resistance in muscle . Journal of Endocrinology 220 T61 – T79 . ( doi

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Takeshi Iwasa Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan

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Toshiya Matsuzaki Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan

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Masahiro Murakami Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan

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Riyo Kinouchi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan

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Ganbat Gereltsetseg Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan

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Shinobu Fujisawa Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan

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Akira Kuwahara Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan

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Toshiyuki Yasui Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan

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Minoru Irahara Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan

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. 2005 ), its expression levels are reduced by 12–48 h FD in adult mice ( Luque et al . 2007 ). It is suggested that leptin transmits signals related to energy balance to kisspeptin neurons through its receptor, Ob-R ( Smith et al . 2006 , Castellano

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Martin Haluzik Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

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GLP1R agonists on appetite and body weight, focusing on their potential energy balance-regulating effects in the CNS. Although the fact that GLP1 and GLP1R mimetics have consistent acute effects on hunger and satiety has been known for some time, the

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Samira Fargali Departments of, Neuroscience, Medicine, Geriatrics, Box 1065, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA

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Thomas Scherer Departments of, Neuroscience, Medicine, Geriatrics, Box 1065, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA

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Andrew C Shin Departments of, Neuroscience, Medicine, Geriatrics, Box 1065, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA

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Masato Sadahiro Departments of, Neuroscience, Medicine, Geriatrics, Box 1065, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA

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Christoph Buettner Departments of, Neuroscience, Medicine, Geriatrics, Box 1065, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA
Departments of, Neuroscience, Medicine, Geriatrics, Box 1065, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA

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Stephen R Salton Departments of, Neuroscience, Medicine, Geriatrics, Box 1065, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA
Departments of, Neuroscience, Medicine, Geriatrics, Box 1065, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA

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hypermetabolic and resist developing obesity and diabetes when fed a high-fat diet ( Hahm et al . 1999 ), suggesting that VGF regulates energy balance by modulating sympathetic outflow. Consistent with this hypothesis, neonatal treatment of Vgf−/Vgf− mice with

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R G P Denis
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C Bing
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S Brocklehurst
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J A Harrold
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R G Vernon
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G Williams
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. 1996 , Denis et al. 2003 a ). Despite the hyperphagia, lactating rats enter and remain in a state of overall net negative energy balance ( Barber et al. 1997 ). The mechanisms regulating both the diurnal changes in food intake and the hyperphagia

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Qingling Huang Laval Hospital Research Center and Merck-Frosst/IRSC Obesity Research Chair, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada G1V 4G5

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Elena Timofeeva Laval Hospital Research Center and Merck-Frosst/IRSC Obesity Research Chair, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada G1V 4G5

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Denis Richard Laval Hospital Research Center and Merck-Frosst/IRSC Obesity Research Chair, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada G1V 4G5

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its receptors in the brain of lean and obese Zucker rats. Endocrinology 137 4786 –4795. Richard D , Huang Q & Timofeeva E 2000 The corticotropin-releasing hormone system in the regulation of energy balance in obesity

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N Govoni Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Sant’ Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40100 Bologna (BO), Italy
NEF-Laboratory, Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari at Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy

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R De Iasio Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Sant’ Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40100 Bologna (BO), Italy
NEF-Laboratory, Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari at Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy

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C Cocco Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Sant’ Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40100 Bologna (BO), Italy
NEF-Laboratory, Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari at Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy

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A Parmeggiani Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Sant’ Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40100 Bologna (BO), Italy
NEF-Laboratory, Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari at Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy

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G Galeati Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Sant’ Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40100 Bologna (BO), Italy
NEF-Laboratory, Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari at Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy

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U Pagotto Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Sant’ Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40100 Bologna (BO), Italy
NEF-Laboratory, Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari at Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy

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C Brancia Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Sant’ Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40100 Bologna (BO), Italy
NEF-Laboratory, Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari at Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy

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M Spinaci Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Sant’ Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40100 Bologna (BO), Italy
NEF-Laboratory, Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari at Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy

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C Tamanini Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Sant’ Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40100 Bologna (BO), Italy
NEF-Laboratory, Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari at Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy

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R Pasquali Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Sant’ Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40100 Bologna (BO), Italy
NEF-Laboratory, Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari at Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy

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G-L Ferri Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Sant’ Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40100 Bologna (BO), Italy
NEF-Laboratory, Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari at Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy

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E Seren Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Sant’ Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40100 Bologna (BO), Italy
NEF-Laboratory, Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari at Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy

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. 2000 , Takaya et al. 2000 ) and pigs ( Salfen et al. 2004 ). In addition, evidence from many species indicates that ghrelin exerts a variety of actions, affecting energy balance ( Horvath et al. 2001 ), gastrointestinal motility and secretion

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