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Rui Song Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA

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Xiang-Qun Hu Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA

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Lubo Zhang Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA

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). Further understanding the programming effects of glucocorticoids on fetal cardiac microenvironment and the role of GR in endothelial cells, macrophages or fibroblasts in the heart development and function would be of great interest in formulating new

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Robin Kristófi Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Jan W Eriksson Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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IL-6 but also counteracted macrophage infiltration and M1 polarisation ( Guo et al. 2021 a ). Similar effects have been shown in obese high fat-fed mice with a clear shift in polarisation from M1 to M2 in those animals that received metformin ( Jing

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Kyung-Ah Kim Departments of, Biochemistry, Pathology, Biochemistry, Oral Anatomy, Department of Physiology, Medical School and Institute for Medical Sciences

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Sun-O Ka Departments of, Biochemistry, Pathology, Biochemistry, Oral Anatomy, Department of Physiology, Medical School and Institute for Medical Sciences

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Woo Sung Moon Departments of, Biochemistry, Pathology, Biochemistry, Oral Anatomy, Department of Physiology, Medical School and Institute for Medical Sciences

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Ho-Keun Yi Departments of, Biochemistry, Pathology, Biochemistry, Oral Anatomy, Department of Physiology, Medical School and Institute for Medical Sciences

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Young-Hoon Lee Departments of, Biochemistry, Pathology, Biochemistry, Oral Anatomy, Department of Physiology, Medical School and Institute for Medical Sciences

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Kang-Beom Kwon Departments of, Biochemistry, Pathology, Biochemistry, Oral Anatomy, Department of Physiology, Medical School and Institute for Medical Sciences

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Jin-Woo Park Departments of, Biochemistry, Pathology, Biochemistry, Oral Anatomy, Department of Physiology, Medical School and Institute for Medical Sciences

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Byung-Hyun Park Departments of, Biochemistry, Pathology, Biochemistry, Oral Anatomy, Department of Physiology, Medical School and Institute for Medical Sciences

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-Rad). Immunohistochemistry for macrophage infiltration For immunohistochemical staining of epididymal adipose tissue to detect macrophages, the DAKO Envision system, which uses dextran polymers conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (DAKO, Carpinteria, CA, USA), was

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Joan Villarroya Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

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Rubén Cereijo Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

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Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

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Marion Peyrou Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

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Marta Giralt Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

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Francesc Villarroya Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

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others restrict the use of the term to proteins released by the brown adipocyte ‘cell type’. This is a biologically relevant distinction, considering the presence of non-brown adipocyte cells in the BAT (e.g. macrophages and other immune cells, vascular

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Patrik Šimják Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Anna Cinkajzlová Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic

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Kateřina Anderlová Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
3rd Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Antonín Pařízek Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Miloš Mráz Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic

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Michal Kršek 3rd Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
2nd Internal Department, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic

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Martin Haluzík Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic

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general, leptin reduces food intake and increases energy expenditure ( Halaas et al . 1995 ) and in contrast to adiponectin, it has rather proinflammatory actions. It can contribute to macrophage recruitment ( Gruen et al . 2007 ) along with increased

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Sachie Asamizu 1st Department of Medicine, Toyama University, Sugitani 2630, Toyama-shi 930-0194, Japan

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Masaharu Urakaze 1st Department of Medicine, Toyama University, Sugitani 2630, Toyama-shi 930-0194, Japan

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Chikaaki Kobashi 1st Department of Medicine, Toyama University, Sugitani 2630, Toyama-shi 930-0194, Japan

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Manabu Ishiki 1st Department of Medicine, Toyama University, Sugitani 2630, Toyama-shi 930-0194, Japan

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Amal Khalifa Norel Din 1st Department of Medicine, Toyama University, Sugitani 2630, Toyama-shi 930-0194, Japan

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Shiho Fujisaka 1st Department of Medicine, Toyama University, Sugitani 2630, Toyama-shi 930-0194, Japan

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Yukiko Kanatani 1st Department of Medicine, Toyama University, Sugitani 2630, Toyama-shi 930-0194, Japan

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Agussalim Bukahari 1st Department of Medicine, Toyama University, Sugitani 2630, Toyama-shi 930-0194, Japan

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Satoko Senda 1st Department of Medicine, Toyama University, Sugitani 2630, Toyama-shi 930-0194, Japan

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Hikari Suzuki 1st Department of Medicine, Toyama University, Sugitani 2630, Toyama-shi 930-0194, Japan

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Yuh Yamazaki 1st Department of Medicine, Toyama University, Sugitani 2630, Toyama-shi 930-0194, Japan

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Minoru Iwata 1st Department of Medicine, Toyama University, Sugitani 2630, Toyama-shi 930-0194, Japan

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Isao Usui 1st Department of Medicine, Toyama University, Sugitani 2630, Toyama-shi 930-0194, Japan

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Katsuya Yamazaki 1st Department of Medicine, Toyama University, Sugitani 2630, Toyama-shi 930-0194, Japan

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Hiroshi Ogawa 1st Department of Medicine, Toyama University, Sugitani 2630, Toyama-shi 930-0194, Japan

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Masashi Kobayashi 1st Department of Medicine, Toyama University, Sugitani 2630, Toyama-shi 930-0194, Japan

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Kazuyuki Tobe 1st Department of Medicine, Toyama University, Sugitani 2630, Toyama-shi 930-0194, Japan

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infiltrated macrophages in visceral adipose tissue through various inflammatory molecules including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; Hotamisligil 2006 ), interleukin-6 (IL-6; Fernandez-Real & Ricart 2003 ), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1

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Chunyan Zhao Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden

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Karin Dahlman-Wright Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden

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, macrophages, and adipose tissue, whereas LXRβ is more ubiquitously expressed with particularly high levels in the developing brain ( Fan et al . 2008 ), suggesting regulation of different physiological functions for the two receptors. Human LXRα and LXRβ

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J A Tamblyn College of Medical and Dental Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Fetal Medicine Centre, Centre for Women's and Children's Health
College of Medical and Dental Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Fetal Medicine Centre, Centre for Women's and Children's Health

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M Hewison College of Medical and Dental Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Fetal Medicine Centre, Centre for Women's and Children's Health

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C L Wagner College of Medical and Dental Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Fetal Medicine Centre, Centre for Women's and Children's Health

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J N Bulmer College of Medical and Dental Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Fetal Medicine Centre, Centre for Women's and Children's Health

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M D Kilby College of Medical and Dental Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Fetal Medicine Centre, Centre for Women's and Children's Health
College of Medical and Dental Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Fetal Medicine Centre, Centre for Women's and Children's Health
College of Medical and Dental Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Fetal Medicine Centre, Centre for Women's and Children's Health

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), including uterine NK cells (uNK), macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), T cells and B cells. Their postulated pro-tolerogenic effects specifically at the fetal–maternal interface, in the presence of 1,25(OH) 2 D, are illustrated. Notably, uNK cells predominate

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Alison E Wallace MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Reproductive Biology, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Douglas A Gibson MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Reproductive Biology, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Philippa T K Saunders MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Reproductive Biology, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Henry N Jabbour MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Reproductive Biology, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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injury. The most notable inflammatory aspect of menstruation is the large influx of immune cells that comprise uterine natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils ( Critchley et al . 1999 ). Immune cells are crucial in the process

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Iwona J Bujalska Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Omar M Durrani Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Joseph Abbott Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Claire U Onyimba Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Pamela Khosla Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Areeb H Moosavi Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Tristan T Q Reuser Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Paul M Stewart Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Jeremy W Tomlinson Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Elizabeth A Walker Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Saaeha Rauz Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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+ macrophages is seen in SC adipose depots in patients with high BMI and obese phenotypes, and increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α and MAC-1 is evident in rodent white adipose tissue after

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