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). Further understanding the programming effects of glucocorticoids on fetal cardiac microenvironment and the role of GR in endothelial cells, macrophages or fibroblasts in the heart development and function would be of great interest in formulating new
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IL-6 but also counteracted macrophage infiltration and M1 polarisation ( Guo et al. 2021 a ). Similar effects have been shown in obese high fat-fed mice with a clear shift in polarisation from M1 to M2 in those animals that received metformin ( Jing
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-Rad). Immunohistochemistry for macrophage infiltration For immunohistochemical staining of epididymal adipose tissue to detect macrophages, the DAKO Envision system, which uses dextran polymers conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (DAKO, Carpinteria, CA, USA), was
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others restrict the use of the term to proteins released by the brown adipocyte ‘cell type’. This is a biologically relevant distinction, considering the presence of non-brown adipocyte cells in the BAT (e.g. macrophages and other immune cells, vascular
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3rd Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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2nd Internal Department, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
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Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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general, leptin reduces food intake and increases energy expenditure ( Halaas et al . 1995 ) and in contrast to adiponectin, it has rather proinflammatory actions. It can contribute to macrophage recruitment ( Gruen et al . 2007 ) along with increased
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infiltrated macrophages in visceral adipose tissue through various inflammatory molecules including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; Hotamisligil 2006 ), interleukin-6 (IL-6; Fernandez-Real & Ricart 2003 ), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1
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, macrophages, and adipose tissue, whereas LXRβ is more ubiquitously expressed with particularly high levels in the developing brain ( Fan et al . 2008 ), suggesting regulation of different physiological functions for the two receptors. Human LXRα and LXRβ
College of Medical and Dental Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Fetal Medicine Centre, Centre for Women's and Children's Health
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College of Medical and Dental Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Fetal Medicine Centre, Centre for Women's and Children's Health
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), including uterine NK cells (uNK), macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), T cells and B cells. Their postulated pro-tolerogenic effects specifically at the fetal–maternal interface, in the presence of 1,25(OH) 2 D, are illustrated. Notably, uNK cells predominate
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injury. The most notable inflammatory aspect of menstruation is the large influx of immune cells that comprise uterine natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils ( Critchley et al . 1999 ). Immune cells are crucial in the process
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+ macrophages is seen in SC adipose depots in patients with high BMI and obese phenotypes, and increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α and MAC-1 is evident in rodent white adipose tissue after