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John-Paul Fuller-Jackson
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Belinda A Henry Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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( Wing & Hill 2001 , Wing & Phelan 2005 ). Numerous endocrine and neuroendocrine adaptations occur in response to weight loss, driving increased hunger and reduced energy expenditure ( Lewis et al . 1993 , Bi et al . 2003 , Yu et al . 2009

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Chia-Lei Lin Departments of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Biochemistry, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Medicine, Department of Pediatrics

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Lyda Williams Departments of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Biochemistry, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Medicine, Department of Pediatrics

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Yoshinori Seki Departments of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Biochemistry, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Medicine, Department of Pediatrics

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Harpreet Kaur Departments of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Biochemistry, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
Departments of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Biochemistry, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
Departments of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Biochemistry, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Medicine, Department of Pediatrics

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Kirsten Hartil Departments of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Biochemistry, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Medicine, Department of Pediatrics

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Ariana Fiallo Departments of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Biochemistry, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Medicine, Department of Pediatrics

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A Scott Glenn Departments of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Biochemistry, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Medicine, Department of Pediatrics

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Ellen B Katz Departments of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Biochemistry, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Medicine, Department of Pediatrics

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Maureen J Charron Departments of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Biochemistry, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
Departments of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Biochemistry, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
Departments of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Biochemistry, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Medicine, Department of Pediatrics

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Patricia M Vuguin Departments of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Biochemistry, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
Departments of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Biochemistry, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Medicine, Department of Pediatrics

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IU programing, IU HFD did not alter gene expression and or localization of the transcription factor, Pdx1 , thought to be relevant for INS cell adaptation to an altered IU environment ( Gesina et al . 2006 , Chen et al . 2012 , Rodriguez

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Antonella Amato Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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Sara Baldassano Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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Flavia Mulè Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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their longer circulating half-lives ( Tavares et al . 2000 , Baldassano & Amato 2014 ). GLP2 promotes energy absorption within the gastrointestinal tract through non-specific and specific adaptation. In fact, it induces crypt cell proliferation and

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Melanie Tran
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Linda A Gallo
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Andrew J Jefferies
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Karen M Moritz Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia

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Mary E Wlodek
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et al . 2002 ). In this study, however, F1 growth-restricted females were fostered onto un-operated mothers following birth, which may have impacted on the F1 females' own pregnancy adaptations and subsequent F2 metabolic health. In our rat model of

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Rhonda D Prisby Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA

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are constantly undergoing modeling and remodeling to maintain bone strength ( Clarke 2008 ). Modeling occurs as a result of the adaptation of bone in response to daily physiological stimuli, can occur via the independent activities of osteoblasts and

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Mathias V Schmidt Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Claudia Liebl Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Vera Sterlemann Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Karin Ganea Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Jakob Hartmann Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Daniela Harbich Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Stephanie Alam Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Marianne B Müller Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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corticosterone release from the adrenal glands ( Dube et al . 1992 , Heinrichs et al . 1993 ). Interestingly, adult NPY knockout mice show no alterations in neuroendocrine function, suggesting adaptational or compensatory processes during postnatal and

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Christian Tudorache Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Behavioral Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands

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Marcel J M Schaaf Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Behavioral Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands

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Hans Slabbekoorn Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Behavioral Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands

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Introduction All vertebrates exhibit physiological responses to stress, which are at the basis of appropriate behavioural adaptation. The amplitude and profile of these responses depend on the intensity, duration, controllability and predictability

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Bo Ahrén
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Maria Sörhede Winzell
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Giovanni Pacini Department of Clinical Sciences, Metabolic Unit, Lund University, BMC B11, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden

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this adaptation fails, impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes develops ( Ahrén & Pacini 2005 ). The mechanisms of upregulated insulin secretion in insulin resistance may include slight elevation of glucose or free fatty acids ( Ahrén & Pacini

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Maria E C Amaral
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Daniel A Cunha
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Gabriel F Anhê
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Mirian Ueno
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Everardo M Carneiro
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Lício A Velloso
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Silvana Bordin
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Antonio C Boschero
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the protein expression and phosphorylation of AKT and p70 S6K (Fig. 2 ). The higher level of AKT1 Ser 473 phosphorylation is an important step in the adaptations observed in pregnant rat islets. Transgenic mice expressing a constitutive active form

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S Bas
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E Aguilera-Tejero
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A Bas
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J C Estepa
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I Lopez
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J A Madueño
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M Rodriguez
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rabbits it seems that there was an adaptation of the set point to the ambient Ca 2+ , even though they had already initiated parathyroid hyperplasia. These results are in agreeement with previous studies that have reported a decrease in the set point of

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