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( Wing & Hill 2001 , Wing & Phelan 2005 ). Numerous endocrine and neuroendocrine adaptations occur in response to weight loss, driving increased hunger and reduced energy expenditure ( Lewis et al . 1993 , Bi et al . 2003 , Yu et al . 2009
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Departments of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Biochemistry, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
Departments of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Biochemistry, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
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Departments of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Biochemistry, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
Departments of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Biochemistry, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
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Departments of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Biochemistry, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
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IU programing, IU HFD did not alter gene expression and or localization of the transcription factor, Pdx1 , thought to be relevant for INS cell adaptation to an altered IU environment ( Gesina et al . 2006 , Chen et al . 2012 , Rodriguez
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their longer circulating half-lives ( Tavares et al . 2000 , Baldassano & Amato 2014 ). GLP2 promotes energy absorption within the gastrointestinal tract through non-specific and specific adaptation. In fact, it induces crypt cell proliferation and
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et al . 2002 ). In this study, however, F1 growth-restricted females were fostered onto un-operated mothers following birth, which may have impacted on the F1 females' own pregnancy adaptations and subsequent F2 metabolic health. In our rat model of
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are constantly undergoing modeling and remodeling to maintain bone strength ( Clarke 2008 ). Modeling occurs as a result of the adaptation of bone in response to daily physiological stimuli, can occur via the independent activities of osteoblasts and
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corticosterone release from the adrenal glands ( Dube et al . 1992 , Heinrichs et al . 1993 ). Interestingly, adult NPY knockout mice show no alterations in neuroendocrine function, suggesting adaptational or compensatory processes during postnatal and
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Introduction All vertebrates exhibit physiological responses to stress, which are at the basis of appropriate behavioural adaptation. The amplitude and profile of these responses depend on the intensity, duration, controllability and predictability
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this adaptation fails, impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes develops ( Ahrén & Pacini 2005 ). The mechanisms of upregulated insulin secretion in insulin resistance may include slight elevation of glucose or free fatty acids ( Ahrén & Pacini
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the protein expression and phosphorylation of AKT and p70 S6K (Fig. 2 ). The higher level of AKT1 Ser 473 phosphorylation is an important step in the adaptations observed in pregnant rat islets. Transgenic mice expressing a constitutive active form
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rabbits it seems that there was an adaptation of the set point to the ambient Ca 2+ , even though they had already initiated parathyroid hyperplasia. These results are in agreeement with previous studies that have reported a decrease in the set point of